美国全球变化数据共享的经历对我国数据共享决策的启示

美国对国家投资获取的科学数据采取"完全与开放"的共享政策。这一政策分两步落实：第一步侧重于数据中心建设。由NASA在全国优选 9个数据中心组成国家级分布式数据中心群（DAACs）。第二步侧重于法规和网络共享建设。由白宫设立总统长期专项---美国全球变化研究项目（USGCRP）,其中包括"全球变化数据信息系统"（GCDIS）。历经十年,建造了世界上最强大的科学数据共享体系：GCDIS。在此过程中,政府主持总体规划,并通过预算、法律法规,以及管理条例使规划得以实施。美国在科学数据共享方面的经验表明：公益性科学数据共享的工作应由国家负责;国家综合使用行政、经济和法律手段执行对该工作的领导;分布式国家级数据中心群是实现科学数据共享经济有效的途径;科学数据与科学研究的结合是科学数据发展的动力。这些对我国科学数据共享工作总体方案的确定和战略方针的选择具有一定的启发和借鉴作用。

THE EXPERIENCE OF U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE DATA AND INFORMATION SHARING AND ITS INDICATION TO CHINA

Full and Open" sharing of the full suite of federal-funded global data sets for all global change researchers is a fundamental objectives of US Global Change Data Management Policy. This concept has been fostered by many international organizations for many years, but finally implemented in the United States in last ten years. US Government has played a leading role in achieving the full and open sharing of scientific data and information, because the data- or information-based products are associated with what economists call "public goods" and also with "externalities". US Government has enforced this policy by two steps. First, form a national level "Distributed Active Archive Centers-DAACs"; the selected centers represent a wide range of Earth scientific disciplines. The responsibility of DAACs are processing, archiving, and distributing EOS data and related data, and providing a full range of user support. Second, under the framework of US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), broaden the DAACs to Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS). The GCDIS will provide the infrastructure of the global change data and information management program. This is a priority-driven system composed of individual agency systems made interoperable by the use of common standards and approaches, technology sharing, and data policy coordination. The GCDIS functions include setting priorities for individual data and information sets, identifying and/or developing those sets, and incorporating them and the necessary related services in GCDIS. The success of GCDIS may indicate that Central Government should play a more active and leading role in order to establish a cost-effective global change data and information system in China.