The karst contagion model: Synopsis and environmental implications

The contagion model of karst terrane evolution focuses on the environmental implications for a large karst depression population on the Pennyroyal Plain (southern Kentucky) and the adjacent Western Highland Rim (Tennessee) immediately south of the Mammoth Cave Plateau. In karst terranes where the contagion model applies, there is a well-defined infrastructure comprised of hydrologic, structural geologic and geomorphic interacting elements that result in clustered depressions underlain by a radial conduit system. Clusters tend to be randomly distributed and typically contain a parent depression surrounded by numerous daughters.Groundwater flow is assumed to be turbulent and confined largely to conduits that are 3-dimensionally configured between clusters in a dendritic to trellis network. Parent depressions serve as conduit nodes for collecting groundwater migrating from beneath daughter depressions.Flow velocities in the 3-dimensional cluster-cell conduits exceed those in granular media by several orders of magnitude making pathogen and chemical contaminant migration rapid. Groundwater quality assessment in karst conduit hydrogeologic settings is difficult because monitoring wells are inappropriate. Monitoring wells may have a low probability of intercepting a major conduit and therefore the sampling regime must take into consideration the pulse discharge of pollutants in karst conduits. Representative water quality data must come from springs located near the local base level.