Paleoclimatic changes during the last 2.5 myr recorded in the Kathmandu Basin,Central Nepal Himalayas

Palynological and sedimentological studies of a series of slimes collected from a 284 m-long drill-well from the Kathmandu Basin reveal paleoclimatic records and environmental changes within the Kathmandu Valley during the last 2.5 myr. The slimes are composed of fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine sediments comprising sand beds of 66.3 m and mud beds of 218 m in length. Pollen analyses show Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis are predominant, with frequencies exceeding 70%. Pinus, Alnus and Gramineae are the next dominant taxa. Three fossil pollen zones were discriminated; each zone reflects major climatic change: Zone I, the oldest stage, indicates a cool and rather wet climate during 400 kyr from ca. 2.5 to 2.1 Ma; Zone II, the middle stage, reflects a warm and relatively dry climate without remarkable fluctuation; Zone III is characterized by seven cycles of warm-and-wet and cold-and-dry climate, which reflect the alternation of glacial and interglacial periods. The last cold maximum, 11 m deep, corresponds to the last glacial age around 20 kyr bp, judging from the ¹⁴C dating of the uppermost part of the lacustrine sediments.The Paleo-Kathmandu Lake is likely to have been initiated at around 2.1 Ma and to have been filled with black organic mud, the Kalimati Clay. The top of the Kalimati Clay is eroded and was overlain by fluvial sand after the last glacial age. The abrupt appearance of a 4 m-thick fossiliferous sand bed at the top of the middle member suggests a lowering of water level at around 1 Ma.