社区公园空气污染暴露特征及其居民感知——以广州市中心城区为例

基于空气污染监测与问卷调查数据，研究了广州中心城区33个社区公园空气污染暴露特征、影响因素及其居民对空气污染感知。主要结论为：1）各区社区公园空气污染暴露风险及其空间格局分布差异较大，低暴露风险公园所占比例较小。2）空气质量指数（AQI）、PM_1.0和PM₁₀与社区公园面积呈显著负相关；AQI、PM_1.0、PM₁₀和PM_2.5与斑块形状指数呈显著正相关关系；二氧化碳（CO₂）与离城市主干道距离呈显著负相关，但社区公园1 km缓冲区范围内城市道路密度与其空气污染关系不大。3）超过1/3的居民对社区公园空气污染程度的主观感知优于客观测度的空气污染水平。4）可替代活动空间以及社区公园可达性影响居民空气污染暴露风险。由于社区公园面积规模较小，对空气污染减缓作用有限，未来应尽可能规划面积规模较大、可达性较高、形状更饱满且远离交通主干道的社区公园。

Exposure Characteristics and Residents' Perception of Air Pollution in Neighborhood Parks: The Case of the Guangzhou Central Urban Area

Neighborhood parks are green spaces where nearby residents can have their recreational activities. However, in many cases, land use planning and park design do not consider the relationship between the park location, its shape and size, and distance to the main road, traffic, and air pollution, which may expose residents using the park to the risks of air pollution. Meanwhile, existing research has paid less attention to the air pollution of green park spaces, especially at the neighborhood level. Based on air pollution monitoring and survey data, this study explored the spatial characteristics of air pollution in 33 neighborhood parks in the central urban area of Guangzhou, China, as well as the influencing factors, and residents' perception of air pollution when using the neighborhood park. The main conclusions are the following: 1) The air pollution exposure risks and their spatial pattern distribution in neighborhood parks in various districts are quite different, and the proportion of parks with low exposure risk is relatively small; 2) the Air Quality Index (AQI), PM_1.0, and PM₁₀ are significantly negatively associated with the area of neighborhood parks, while AQI, PM_1.0, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 are significantly positively associated with the patch shape index. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO₂) index is significantly negatively associated only with the distance from the urban main roads. However, there is almost no correlation between primary and secondary road density within the 1 km buffer zone of the neighborhood boundary and the degree of air pollution. 3) More than one-third of the residents' subjective perception of the air pollution level is better than the objective measurement, which indicates that they overestimated the air quality of the neighborhood park. This may have possibly led them to more exposure to the bad air environment when they do some physical activities there. When there are possible traffic pollution sources around neighborhood parks, residents' subjective perceptions of air quality are low. 4) Alternative activity spaces and accessibility of neighborhood parks affect the risk of residents' exposure to air pollution. If there is no alternative activity space around the residence, or the nearest neighborhood park is more accessible, residents would be more inclined to head to the neighborhood park for physical activity, even if they perceive the risk of air pollution exposure. In addition, this study has some policy insights. Neighborhood parks can help to suppress the diffusion of particulate matter, but most of them are small and have limited effects on mitigating traffic air pollution. To maximize the ecological service function of neighborhood parks and their role in air pollution purification, neighborhood parks covering larger areas, having higher accessibility and fuller shapes, and being far away from main traffic roads should be promoted. It is necessary to implement targeted space optimization and air pollution control strategies, such as control traffic around neighborhood parks with more serious air pollution; increase protective green spaces, the number of street trees, and road greening; optimize building planning and layout; and improve non-motorized travel environments.