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DDT in endangered Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) |
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| Authors: | Alava Juan Jose Ross Peter S Ikonomou Michael G Cruz Marilyn Jimenez-Uzcátegui Gustavo Dubetz Cory Salazar Sandie Costa Daniel P Villegas-Amtmann Stella Howorth Peter Gobas Frank A P C |
| Affiliation: | a School of Resource & Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 b Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Rd., Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 4B2 c Galápagos Genetics Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory (GGEPL), Galapagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador d Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, P.O. Box 17-1-3891, Quito, Ecuador e Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Ocean Health, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA f Santa Barbara Marine Mammal Center, 389 North Hope Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA 93110-1572, USA |
| Abstract: | We characterize for the first time the presence of DDT and its metabolites in tropical Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wolleabeki). ∑DDT concentrations in Galapagos sea lion pups sampled in 2005 and 2008 ranged from 16 to 3070 μg/kg lipid. Concentrations of ∑DDT in pups in 2008 averaged 525 μg/kg lipid and were 1.9 times higher than that (281 μg/kg lipid) detected in pups in 2005. These concentrations are lower than those reported in many pinnipeds elsewhere, comparable to those in Hawaiian monk seals, and higher than those in southern elephant seals. The health risk characterization showed that 1% of the male pups exceeded the p,p′-DDE toxic effect concentration associated with anti-androgenic effects reported in rats. The findings provide preliminary guidance on the relationship between DDT use and ecological impacts, serving as a reference point against which possible future impact of tropical DDT use can be assessed. |
| Keywords: | Galapagos sea lion Galapagos Islands Ecuador DDT p,p&prime -DDE Health risk |
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