Rain‐gauge network evaluation and augmentation using geostatistics

Rain‐gauge networks are often used to provide estimates of area average rainfall or point rainfalls at ungauged locations. The level of accuracy a network can achieve depends on the total number and locations of gauges in the network. A geostatistical approach for evaluation and augmentation of an existing rain‐gauge network is proposed in this study. Through variogram analysis, hourly rainfalls are shown to have higher spatial variability than annual rainfalls, with hourly Mei‐Yu rainfalls having the highest spatial variability. A criterion using ordinary kriging variance is proposed to assess the accuracy of rainfall estimation using the acceptance probability defined as the probability that estimation error falls within a desired range. Based on the criterion, the percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy A_p under certain network configuration can be calculated. A sequential algorithm is also proposed to prioritize rain‐gauges of the existing network, identify the base network, and relocate non‐base gauges. Percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy is mostly contributed by the base network. In contrast, non‐base gauges provide little contribution to A_p and are subject to removal or relocation. Using a case study in northern Taiwan, the proposed approach demonstrates that the identified base network which comprises of approximately two‐thirds of the total rain‐gauges can achieve almost the same level of performance (expressed in terms of percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy) as the complete network for hourly Mei‐Yu rainfall estimation. The percentage of area with acceptable accuracy can be raised from 56% to 88% using an augmented network. A threshold value for the percentage of area with acceptable accuracy is also recommended to help determine the number of non‐base gauges which need to be relocated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.