渭河流域全新世环境演变对人类文化发展的影响

通过对渭河流域10000 多年来环境资源演变的高分辨率实验数据资料和考古文献资料的分析， 探讨了全 新世以来， 渭河流域人类文化的演进与环境演变之间的耦合关系。分析表明:在8 500～3 100 a B.P.全新世大暖期， 渭河流域水、土、生物资源条件优越， 人类逐步形成了原始定居旱作农业类型文化， 从而奠定了渭河流域农业文明 的基础; 其间4 000～3 000 a B.P.， 渭河流域北部的农牧交错带， 由于气候的逐渐冷干化， 导致水、土、生物资源退化， 造成旱作农业土地利用方式由游牧业取而代之; 在3 100 a B.P， 由于季风格局的突变， 整个渭河流域进入了一个相 对干旱缺雨、成壤环境的恶化时期， 环境的恶化导致了水土资源的退化， 大大动摇了旱作农业和游牧业的经济基 础， 影响了先周和西周社会的发展。

Holocene Environmental Change and Its Impacts on Cultural Development in the Weihe Basin

The Holocene climate experienced several widespread high-amplitude and long-duration change.While at about the same time,ancient societies also witnessed several stages of rise and fall.This paper through combining experimental data of environmental evolution with high resolution historical data,it is showed that some coupling relationships exist between evolution of human culture and evolution of soil formation in the Weihe valley during Holocene.During 8500-3100 aB.P.,with advantageous water,soil and organisms resources,the Dadiwan culture,the Yangshao culture,the Longshan culture and the Xiashang culture developed,original settling-down dry farming culture formed gradually,which laid sound foundation for agriculture civilization in the Weihe valley;Among which,land use of arable farming was replaced largely by pastoral farming in the mixed area of agriculture and animal husbandry in north Weihe region between 4000-3000 aB.P.,because of dry and cold weather resulted in environment deterioration and soil degradation.At the beginning of 3100 aB.P.,as the climate has become dry,and dust storms and dust-fall occurred frequently in the whole Weihe valley,the recent loess(L0) has begun to accumulate and gradually covered the mid-Holocene soil(S0).The change from soil formation to loess accumulation indicates environment deterioration and soil degradation.Degeneracy of water,soil and organism has shaken the economic foundations of dry agriculture and nomadic industry and affected the social development of Xian Zhou and Western Zhou Dynasty.