Glaciations and paleoclimate of Mount Erciyes,central Turkey,since the Last Glacial Maximum,inferred from 36Cl cosmogenic dating and glacier modeling |
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| Authors: | Mehmet Akif Sar?kaya Marek Zreda Attila Çiner |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Spain;2. Geological Survey of Slovenia, Slovenia;3. Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Insubria University, Italy;4. Department of Geography, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom;5. Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey;6. CEG - Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal;7. Environment Dynamics and Territories of Mountains (EDYTEM), University of Grenoble, France;8. Department of Geography, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain;9. Department of Earth System Sciences and Environmental Technologies, ISMAR-CNR, Italy;10. Department of Geography, University of Oviedo, Spain;11. Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon;12. Department of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;13. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy;14. Department of Geography, University of Valladolid, Spain;15. Department of Geography, West University of Timisoara, Romania;1. Institute of Geography RAS, Moscow, Russia;2. Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia;3. CNRS, Laboratoire de Géographie Physique Meudon, Université Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France;1. Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand;2. Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand;3. Lake Hawea Institute of Cryodynamics, 20 Muir Rd., LGM Hawea, RD2 Wanaka, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Forty-four boulders from moraines in two glacial valleys of Mount Erciyes (38.53°N, 35.45°E, 3917 m), central Turkey, dated with cosmogenic chlorine-36 (36Cl), indicate four periods of glacial activity in the past 22 ka (1 ka = 1000 calendar years). Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers were the most extensive, reaching 6 km in length and descending to an altitude of 2150 m above sea level. These glaciers started retreating 21.3 ± 0.9 ka (1σ) ago. They readvanced and retreated by 14.6 ± 1.2 ka ago (Lateglacial), and again by 9.3 ± 0.5 ka ago (Early Holocene). The latest advance took place 3.8 ± 0.4 ka ago (Late Holocene). Using glacier modeling together with paleoclimate proxy data from the region, we reconstructed the paleoclimate at these four discrete times. The results show that LGM climate was 8–11 °C colder than today and moisture levels were somewhat similar to modern values, with a range between 20% more and 25% less than today. The analysis of Lateglacial advance suggests that the climate was colder by 4.5–6.4 °C based on up to 1.5 times wetter conditions. The Early Holocene was 2.1–4.9 °C colder and up to twice as wet as today, while the Late Holocene was 2.4–3 °C colder and its precipitation amounts approached to similar conditions as today. Our paleoclimate reconstructions show a general trend of warming for the last 22 ka, and an increase of moisture until Early Holocene, and a decrease after that time. The recent glacier terminates at 3450 m on the northwest side of the mountain. It is a remnant from the last advance (possibly during the Little Ice Age). Repeated measurements of glacier length between 1902 and 2008 reveal a retreat rate of 4.2 m per year, which corresponds to a warming rate of 0.9–1.2 °C per century. |
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