New dates and palaeoenvironmental evidence for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic occupation of Higueral de Valleja Cave,southern Spain |
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| Authors: | RP Jennings F Giles Pacheco RNE Barton SN Collcutt R Gale CP Gleed-Owen JM Gutiérrez López TFG Higham A Parker C Price E Rhodes A Santiago Pérez JL Schwenninger E Turner |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK;2. Museo Municipal de El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain;3. Oxford Archaeological Associates Limited, 1 Divinity Rd, Oxford OX4 1LH, UK;4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK;5. The Herpetological Conservation Trust, 655A Christchurch Rd, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset BH1 4AP, UK;6. Museo Histórico Municipal de Villamartín, Cádiz, Spain;7. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;8. Department of Anthropology and Geography, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;9. Department of Environmental & Earth Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;10. Museo Municipal de Jerez, Cádiz, Spain;11. Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;12. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, Germany;1. Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland;2. Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;3. Museum Inatura, Jahngasse 9, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria;4. Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova Str. 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic;5. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, S?awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland;6. Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Paläobiologie (Biogeologie), Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany;7. Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP), Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;2. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;3. School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;4. Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;5. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;6. Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;7. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;8. Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Department for World Cultures and Environment, 68159 Mannheim, Germany;9. Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeozoology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany;10. Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;11. Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, 15081 A Coruña, Spain;12. Geo-Center of Northern Bavaria, Research Group Palaeontology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;13. Operational Direction ‘Earth and History of Life’, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;14. Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine;15. School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland;p. Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland;q. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra A. Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy;r. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;s. Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;t. Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;u. Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, UK;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy;2. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy;3. CNR - Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria (IGAG), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Scienze storiche e dei Beni culturali, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy;1. Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;2. Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;3. Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universitat de València, València, Spain;4. Museu de Prehistòria de València, Servei d''Investigació Prehistòrica, Diputació de València, València, Spain;5. Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain;1. IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, C/Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain;2. Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain;3. CGO Ecology Ltd, 5 Cranbourne House, 12 Knole Road, Bournemouth, Dorset BH1 4DQ, UK;4. Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;5. Department of Archaeology, Connolly Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;6. The Gibraltar Museum, 18-20 Bomb House Lane, P.O. Box 939, Gibraltar, UK;7. Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada;1. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Campus Saint-Jean-d''Angély, SJA3 – CEPAM-UMR7264 CNRS, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France;2. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d''Azur, Géoazur, CNRS UMR7329, Bâtiment 1, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France;3. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, UMR CEREGE, 13545 Aix en Provence, France;4. Cantabria, 3, Rincon de La Victoria, Malaga 29730, Spain |
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| Abstract: | A research programme has been set up at Higueral de Valleja Cave in southern Spain to investigate the late survival and eventual extinction of the southern Iberian Neanderthals and the arrival of modern humans. Of key interest in the first phase of research was to understand the depositional environment in the entrance chamber of the cave and to establish whether palaeoenvironmental and dating samples could be retrieved from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sequences. The outcome is a series of OSL, TL and radiocarbon dates showing that the cave was occupied by Neanderthal populations in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3, if not earlier, and by modern human Solutrean populations during the last glacial maximum. Cave sediments provisionally indicate that the lower Middle Palaeolithic sequence (X–VIII) formed in warm and humid environments and the upper sequence (VIII–V) formed when the climate was cooler and drier. The presence of long grass phytoliths and of the small mammals Microtus duodecimcostatus, Microtus brecciensis and Apodemus sylvaticus in the upper sequence indicates that a range of habitat types persisted near the cave including grassland, scrubby vegetation, patchy tree cover and ponds. This raises the possibility that environmental factors were key factors in the late survival of Neanderthal populations at the cave. |
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