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Modeling the Subsurface Structure of Sunspots |
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| Authors: | H Moradi C Baldner A C Birch D C Braun R H Cameron T L Duvall Jr L Gizon D Haber S M Hanasoge B W Hindman J Jackiewicz E Khomenko R Komm P Rajaguru M Rempel M Roth R Schlichenmaier H Schunker H C Spruit K G Strassmeier M J Thompson S Zharkov |
| Institution: | 1. Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37191, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany 2. Department of Astronomy, Yale University, P.O. Box 208101, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA 3. A Division of NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Colorado Research Associates, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO, 80301-5410, USA 4. Laboratory for Solar Physics, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA 5. JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-440, USA 6. Astronomy Department, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, MSC4500, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA 7. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, 38205, C/Via Láctea, s/n, Tenerife, Spain 8. National Solar Observatory, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA 9. Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, India 10. HAO/NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA 11. Kiepenheuer-Institut für Sonnenphysik, Sch?neckstr. 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany 12. Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany 13. Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482, Potsdam, Germany 14. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Houndsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK 15. Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, UK |
| Abstract: | While sunspots are easily observed at the solar surface, determining their subsurface structure is not trivial. There are two main hypotheses for the subsurface structure of sunspots: the monolithic model and the cluster model. Local helioseismology is the only means by which we can investigate subphotospheric structure. However, as current linear inversion techniques do not yet allow helioseismology to probe the internal structure with sufficient confidence to distinguish between the monolith and cluster models, the development of physically realistic sunspot models are a priority for helioseismologists. This is because they are not only important indicators of the variety of physical effects that may influence helioseismic inferences in active regions, but they also enable detailed assessments of the validity of helioseismic interpretations through numerical forward modeling. In this article, we provide a critical review of the existing sunspot models and an overview of numerical methods employed to model wave propagation through model sunspots. We then carry out a helioseismic analysis of the sunspot in Active Region 9787 and address the serious inconsistencies uncovered by Gizon et al. (2009a, 2009b). We find that this sunspot is most probably associated with a shallow, positive wave-speed perturbation (unlike the traditional two-layer model) and that travel-time measurements are consistent with a horizontal outflow in the surrounding moat. |
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