The impact of persistent volcanic degassing on vegetation: A case study at Turrialba volcano,Costa Rica |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton MI 49931, USA;2. Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK;1. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, UMR7154 CNRS, Paris, France;2. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Catania, Italy;3. SEAES, University of Manchester, United Kingdom;4. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;5. IRD, Laboratoire Magmas & Volcans, Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo, via La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;2. Goma Volcano Observatory, 142, Av. du Rond-point, Goma, Congo;3. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy;4. Institute of Geosciences Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;5. Institute for Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, INF 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;6. Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Italy;1. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK;2. ISTO, 7327 Université d''Orléans-CNRS-BRGM, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France;3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK;4. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;5. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;6. CNRS, ISTerre, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France;7. Université de Savoie, ISTerre, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France;8. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand;1. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;2. National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China |
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| Abstract: | Although the impacts of large volcanic eruptions on the global environment have been frequently studied, the impacts of lower tropospheric emissions from persistently degassing volcanoes remain poorly understood. Gas emissions from persistent degassing exceed those from sporadic eruptive activity, and can have significant long-term (years to decades) effects on local and regional scales, both on humans and the environment. Here, we exploit a variety of high temporal and high spatial resolution satellite-based time series and complementary ground-based measurements of element deposition and surveys of species richness, to enable a comprehensive spatio-temporal assessment of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and their associated impacts on vegetation at Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) from 2000 to 2013. We observe increased emissions of SO2 coincident with a decline in vegetation health downwind of the vents, in accordance with the prevalent wind direction at Turrialba. We also find that satellite-derived vegetation indices at various spatial resolutions are able to accurately define the vegetation kill zone, the extent of which is independently confirmed by ground-based sampling, and monitor its expansion over time. In addition, ecological impacts in terms of vegetation composition and diversity and physiological damage to vegetation, all spatially correspond to fumigation by Turrialba’s plume. This study shows that analyzing and relating satellite observations to conditions and impacts on the ground can provide an increased understanding of volcanic degassing, its impacts in terms of the long-term vegetation response and the potential of satellite-based monitoring to inform hazard management strategies related to land use. |
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| Keywords: | Turrialba Volcanic degassing Satellite Remote sensing Vegetation indices Ground-based |
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