Fluoride enrichment mechanism and geospatial distribution in the volcanic aquifers of the Middle Awash basin,Northern Main Ethiopian Rift |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Hydrogeology UMR 6269, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France;2. School of Geosciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Pvt X3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;1. Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l''aéroport, B.P. 486, Djibouti – ville, Djibouti;2. Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy;3. Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300, Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada;4. Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34132, South Korea;5. Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A, Canada;6. UMR G-EAU, BP 5095, 34196, Montpellier Cedex 5, France;7. GEOTOP Research Center, Montréal, Canada;8. CRI-Environnement, 75 rue du Progrès, Coteau-Du-Lac, J0P 1B0, QC, Canada;9. Earth Sciences and Geo-hazards Risk Reduction Section, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, UNESCO, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352, Paris, France;1. Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l’aéroport, B.P. 486, Djibouti – ville, Djibouti;2. Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy;3. Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300. Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada;4. CRI-Environnement, 75 rue du Progrès, Coteau-du-Lac, J0P 1B0, Québec, Canada;1. Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia 723104, India;2. Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, Kolkata 700091, India;1. Department of Disaster Management, Begum Bekeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh;2. Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh;3. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh;4. Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh;5. Malatya Turgut Özal University, Do?an?ehir Vahap Küçük Vocational School, Department of Aquaculture, Malatya, Turkey;6. Trakya University, ?psala Vocational School, Edirne, Turkey;7. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India;8. Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700 014, West Bengal, India;9. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia;10. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia;11. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil;1. KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTHRoyal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden;2. DAFWAT Research Group, Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar Es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;3. Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education, University of Dar Es Salaam, 2513, Iringa, Tanzania;4. KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands;5. SIBELCO Ankerpoort NV, Op de Bos 300, 6223 EP Maastricht, the Netherlands;6. Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands;7. Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India;8. Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Tanzania;9. Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, The University of Florence, Cascine, Florence, 18 50144, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Considering the anomalous concentration of fluoride in the ground waters of the Middle Awash basin, a comprehensive survey of the enrichment mechanism as well as its association with common hydrochemical variables was conducted using multivariate statistical methods, Hierarchal Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The HCA results indicate a marked heterogeneous spatial distribution of the fluoride concentration, the magnitude of which varies more gradually in the SSW–NNE direction along the Wonji Fault Belt (WFB) than it does in the E-W direction away from this belt. This is strongly associated with the geothermal anomaly that is prominent in the basin interior area. Furthermore, the PCA results show that the magnitude of the fluoride concentration is higher in the groundwater derived from non-calcium bearing aquifers, which are widely distributed in the rift floor. Hydrochemical processes involving a cation exchange reaction cause a systematic Ca2+ removal from solution from highland towards the rift floor. This geochemical reaction enhances the fluoride enrichment of groundwater along the same flow direction. In this regard, the geothermal belt of the basin interior area is a hydrogeological block marked by high loads of fluoride whereas the plateau areas are low-fluoride zones. The geospatial distribution of fluoride at the basin scale was estimated using the kriging procedure. Appropriate discrimination between local and regional aquifers is important in order to secure low-fluoride water supply for the community in the basin. |
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