Impact crater formed on sintered snow surface simulating porous icy bodies

To improve the scaling parameter controlling the impact crater formation in the strength regime, we conducted impact experiments on sintered snow targets with the dynamic strength continuously changed from 20 to 200 kPa, and the largest crater size formed on small icy satellites was considered by using the revised scaling parameter. Ice and snow projectiles were impacted on a snow surface with 36% porosity at an impact velocity from 31 m s⁻¹ to 150 m s⁻¹. The snow target was sintered at the temperature from −5 °C to −18 °C, and the snow dynamic strength was changed with the sintering duration at each temperature. We found that the mass ejected from the crater normalized by the projectile mass, π_V, was related to the ratio of the dynamic strength to the impact pressure, , as follows: , where the impact pressure was indicated by P = ρ_tC_0tv_i/2 with the target density of ρ_t, when the impact velocity, v_i, was much smaller than the bulk sound velocity C_0t (typically 1.8 km s⁻¹ in our targets). The ratio of the largest crater diameter to the diameter of the target body, d_max/D, was estimated by calculating the crater diameter at the impact condition for catastrophic disruption and then compared to the observed d_max/D of jovian and saturnian small satellites, in order to discuss the formation condition of these large d_max/D in the strength regime.