Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and (lack of) external sovereignty |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Political Science, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States;2. Department of East European and Oriental Studies, University of Oslo, Norway;1. Faculty of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University, P.O. Box 76175, Kerman, Iran;2. Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;3. Department of Science, Campus of Bijar, University of Kurdistan, Bijar, Iran;4. Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura-281 406, U.P., India;5. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy;6. INFN Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, I-80126 Napoli, Italy;7. Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), Viale F. Crispi, 7, I-67100 L''Aquila, Italy;1. Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA;2. University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA;3. Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland;5. Department of Surgery, Edna Adan Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland;6. Department of Surgery, Royal Care Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland;7. Department of Neurosurgery, Mekelle University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;8. Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA;9. Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;10. Office of the Dean, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA;11. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA;1. Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory (MCRLab), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;2. Learning Algorithms and Systems Laboratory (LASA), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;1. CNRS/UMR 7209, Muséum National d''Histoire Naturelle, C.P.55, 55, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France;2. Anthropology Department & Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-4364, USA;3. Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion Institute, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Norway;4. CNRS/UMR 5140, Université Montpellier III, Ministère de la Culture, INRAP, Montpellier, France |
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| Abstract: | Despite its strong legal and historical claims to sovereignty, the Republic of Somaliland remains entirely unrecognized by the international community more than 20 years after it proclaimed independence from Somalia in 1991. Paradoxically, Somaliland’s lack of external legitimacy has, in some ways, facilitated the growth and development of its internal legitimacy. In contrast, Somalia enjoys widespread external recognition from the international community but has very little domestic legitimacy and largely fails to govern effectively the territory it claims. Somaliland’s high degree of domestic legitimacy and its strong desire for external recognition increasingly come into conflict with one another both in the eastern parts of Somaliland and in the continued democratic development of its hybrid domestic political institutions. The safest prediction for Somaliland is continued de facto statehood where its strong internal legitimacy enables it to survive in a hostile external environment but fails to translate into widespread sovereign recognition of its significant domestic accomplishments. Ultimately, though, Somaliland’s ability to deliver the “goods” on economic development and poverty reduction for its citizens will be significantly hampered without external recognition of its domestic achievements. |
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| Keywords: | Somaliland Somalia Secession Recognition Legitimacy |
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