A tentative environmental risk assessment of the UV-filters 3-(4-methylbenzylidene-camphor), 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate,benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4 and 3-benzylidene camphor |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Applied Sciences (FHNW), School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;2. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland;3. Ecotox Centre, Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;4. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 15, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;1. University of Le Havre, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, BP 540, Le Havre 76058, France;2. Université Bordeaux, 1 CNRS UMR 5255, Batiment A12, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 TALENCE Cedex;3. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL 3DH, United Kingdom;4. Applied Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 315, Little River, CA 95456, California, United States;1. Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico;2. Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, Tizimin, Yucatan, Mexico;3. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico;4. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico;1. Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain;2. Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China;2. College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China |
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| Abstract: | UV-filters are increasingly used in cosmetics and in the protection of materials against UV-irradiation. The widespread occurrence of UV-filter residues in aquatic systems has been reported, but still little is known about their environmental effects. Some of these compounds negatively interact with the hormone system of fish, resulting in decreased fecundity and reproduction. Here we report on acute and chronic effects of UV-filters 3-(4-methylbenzylidene-camphor) (4MBC), 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP3) and benzophenone-4 (BP4) on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity increased with log Pow of the compound. The LC50 values (48 h) of 4MBC, EHMC, BP3 and BP4 were 0.56, 0.29, 1.9 and 50 mg/L, respectively. A tentative preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA) based on a limited set of data indicates that individual UV-filters should undergo further ecotoxicological analysis, as an environmental risk cannot be ruled out. Consequently new data on the environmental occurrence and the effects of UV-filters are needed for a more accurate ERA. When regarded as a mixture occurring in surface waters they may pose a risk for sensitive aquatic organisms. |
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