Thermal history of the Permian formations from the Breccia Pipes area (Grand Canyon region,Arizona) |
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Authors: | A J Meyer P Landais E Brosse M Pagel J C Carisey D Krewdl |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Centre de Recherches sur la Géologie de l'Uranium & GS CNRS-Cregu, B.P. 23, 54501 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy Cedex, France;(2) Present address: Section Géochimie Organique, Institut Français du Pétrole, B.P. 311, 92506 Reuil-Malmaison Cedex, France;(3) Present address: Pathfinder Mines Corporation, 935 North 1300 West, Suite 5, 84770-4772 St. George, Utah, USA |
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Abstract: | The thermal history of the Permian formations from the Breccia Pipes area in the Colorado Plateau has been assessed using different methods. Burial reconstruction indicates maximum temperatures between 100 and 140 °C for a 30 °C/km geothermal gradient. A temperature of 140±5 °C integrated over 10 to 50 Ma. has been deduced from fission track analysis. This range of temperatures is consistent with trapping temperatures obtained by fluid inclusions study (75–140 °C). Fission track and burial hypotheses have been introduced in a kinetic model for organic matter maturation. The computed Tmax average 445 and 421 °C respectively. A comparison with organic geochemistry data from the Permian Toroweap formation is carried out and demonstrates that the two above hypotheses constitute a thermal framework for the organic matter evolution. Main conclusions referring to beginning of oil window and regional uplift ages (Laramide orogeny) as well as maximum temperature ranges are deduced from this study.
Zusammenfassung Die thermal bedingte Entwicklung permischer Schichten in der »Breccia Pipes« Region der Colorado-Hochebene wurde mittels dreier Geothermometer rekonstruiert. Die Rekonstruktion der Ablagerungsgeschichte deutet auf maximale Temperaturen zwischen 100 ° und 140 °C hin. Eine Spaltspuren-Analyse erbrachte als Ergebnis eine maximale Temperatur von 137 °C, die über 50 Ma. integriert wurde. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Minimum-Temperatur überein, die mit Hilfe von Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen (75°–140 °C) errechnet wurden. Die Hypothesen der Spaltspuren-Analyse und der Ablagerungsgeschichte wurden in ein kinetisches Modell der Reifung von organischen Substanzen miteinbezogen. Die errechneten Durchschnitts-temperaturen liegen bei 445° und 421 °C. Ein Vergleich mit Daten der organischen Geochemie aus der permischen »Toroweap« Formation zeigt, daß die zwei oben genannten Hypothesen es erlauben, thermale Rahmenbedingungen für die Entwicklung organischer Substanzen festzusetzen. Die wichtigsten Schlüsse, die aus dieser Studie gezogen werden können sind das Alter des Beginns der Ölbildungsphase und der regionalen Hebungsphase (Laramid-Orogenese) sowie die Spannweite der maximalen Temperaturen.
Résumé L'histoire thermique des formations permiennes de la région des Breccia Pipes dans le plateau du Colorado a été reconstituée grâce à l'utilisation de méthodes différentes. Les modélisations géologiques indiquent des températures maximales comprises entre 100 et 140 °C pour un gradient géothermique de 30 °C/km. Une température de 140±5 °C intégrée sur une période comprise entre 10 et 50 Ma est déduite de l'analyse des traces de fission. Ces résultats sont compatibles avec les températures de piégeage obtenues lors de l'étude de inclusions fluides (75–140 °C). Les histoires thermiques découlant de l'analyse des traces de fission et des reconstitutions géologiques ont été introduites dans un modèle cinétique d'évolution de la matière organique. Les Tmax calculées sont, respectivement, de 445 et 421 °C. Une comparaison avec les caractéristiques des kérogènes de la formation du Toroweap (Permien) démontre que ces hypothèses fixent les limites inférieure et supérieure de la maturation de la matière organique. Les conclusions principales de cette étude permettent de déterminer les âges correspondant au début de la fenêtre à huile et à la principale phase orogénique régionale (Laramienne) ainsi que les différentes températures associées.
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![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) 50 ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) . ![Ecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1069.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) 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![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shchcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1097.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1102.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) 75–140° . ![Gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1043.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zhcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1078.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) 445 ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) 421 °?. ![Scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1057.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![khcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1093.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) «Toroweap» ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1099.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1096.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![fcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![fcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1092.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zhcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1078.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![fcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![dcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) — Laramid' ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) — ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/m867283370240742/xxlarge1091.gif) .
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