环境介质中典型新型有机污染物分析技术研究进展

环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)、药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)和消毒水副产物(DBPs)等新型有机污染物对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在威胁,研究其来源、检测方法、环境分布和迁移转化已经成为热点。新型有机污染物组成复杂,如短链氯化石蜡有7000多种同类物,采用传统分析手段无法实现分离,对这些物质的准确定性和定量面临挑战。近年来在新型有机污染物检测技术开发方面已取得较大进展:根据待测样品的性质可使用快速溶剂萃取、固相微萃取等多种提取方法,凝胶渗透色谱、多层复合层析柱和固相萃取柱是有效的净化手段,采用气相色谱-质谱或液相色谱-质谱实现了对指示性单体准确定性定量,检出限可达ng/g级。但对于环境影响较大的新型有机污染物如手性多氯联苯(PCBs),由于各手性PCBs单体之间在分离过程中发生峰共溢现象,需要应用专门的手性色谱柱进行分析,尚未建立可靠的检测方法。本文认为,一方面需要探索磁性固相基质分散萃取技术等高效的前处理技术对干扰物质进行有效分离;另一方面需要提高全二维气相/液相色谱、傅里叶变换质谱等色谱/质谱检测技术的识别性和灵敏度,开发出简便、标准化的定量方法。

Review on the Analytical Methods of Typical Emerging Organic Pollutants in the Environment

BACKGROUND:Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and disinfection by products (DBPs) have raised significant concerns for their potential threat to ecological environment and human health. Research on their source, detection method, environmental distribution, migration and transformation becomes the hot topic.
OBJECTIVES:This review article introduces recent analytical techniques and applications for the determination of POPs, PPCPs and DBPs in environmental and biota samples, and summarizes the extraction, separation and instrumental analyses of the halogenated emerging organic pollutants. Also, this review discusses future trends for improving the POPs, PPCPs and DBPs analyses and for potential emerging organic pollutants.
METHODS:In recent years the analytical technique for emerging organic pollutants has made great progress. According to the nature of the sample, a variety of extraction methods have been used, such as accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase microextraction. Effective clean-up steps include GPC, multi-layer column and SPE. Conventional analytical methods of emerging organic pollutants have been mainly based on GC-ECD. With the fast development of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, congener-specific analysis has become a mainstream method. The analysis of certain emerging organic pollutants at trace levels is now routine due to the advancement of HRGC-HRMS.
RESULTS:Methods for the analysis of emerging organic pollutants in a variety of environmental, biota and food matrices have been well developed during the past several decades. However, the analytical challenge still remains for a direct analysis of emerging pollutants, For example short chain chlorinated paraffin has more than 7000 kinds of congeners. The traditional analytical methods cannot achieve their separation, and accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of these pollutants was challenging.
CONCLUSIONS:The analytical technique for emerging organic pollutants is still a long way to go. On the one hand, it is necessary to explore effective pretreatment techniques such as magnetic solid-phase matrix dispersion extraction technology to reduce the possible interference. On the other hand, it is necessary to improve the recognition, sensitivity, accuracy and practicability of chromatographic mass spectrometry techniques such as comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography and Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry and develop a simple and standard quantitative method.