基于PSR模型的滨海湿地生态系统健康评价——以辽河三角洲滨海湿地为例

以PSR评价模型为基础,选取人口、经济、环境、资源开发、政策法规和管理决策等指标,诊断和评估滨海湿地生态系统在湿地开发和环境污染等一系列人类活动干扰下的健康现状,将健康等级分为优、良好、一般、较差和极差等5级.结果表明,辽河三角洲滨海湿地生态系统健康状态一般,由于过度的围垦开发,自然湿地面积在1988～2007年间减少了11 072 hm2,其中,碱蓬湿地减少了75%(2 440 hm2),而水产养殖场增加了182%(9 359 hm2).流域及沿岸的工农业排污致使评价区域内水体污染较严重,COD、TIN、活性磷酸盐和Pb的含量分别达到3.06 mg/dm3、795.45、44.01和6.46μg/dm3,普遍为四类或劣四类水质.环境的恶化,导致碱蓬、芦苇湿地面积萎缩,鸟类种类和数量不断减少,底栖生物多样性降低.并据此提出了辽河三角洲滨海湿地的管理与保护措施.

Assessment of coastal wetland ecosystem health based on the press-state-response model: a case study on Liaohe delta

Based on press-state-response model,this paper selected population,economy,environment,resource exploitation,policies and laws,management decision etc.,as indicators for evaluating the health of coastal wetland ecosystem rated on scales of worst,worse,common,good and excellent.Results showed that the health of coastal wetland ecosystem of Liaohe delta was in a common health status.Due to over-cultivation,the natural wetland in Liaohe delta decreased by 11 072 hm2 from 1988 to 2007.The areas of Suaeda salsa wetland decreased 75%（2 440 hm2）,while aquiculture land increased 182%（9 359 hm2）.Water body was seriously polluted by COD（3.06 mg/dm3）,TIN（795.45 μg/dm3）,phosphate（44.01 μg/dm3） and Pb（6.46 μg/dm3）.According to the analysis of the pollution status and distribution characters,agricultural and industrial pollutions from Liaohe river and adjacent area were important pollutant sources.Owing to environmental problems,wetlands of Phragmites communis and Suaeda salsa,species and abundance of birds,and benthic diversity in Liaohe delta degenerated seriously.Finally,actions for ecological protection and management were proposed for the ecosystem of Liaohe delta wetland.