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Higher order ionospheric effects in precise GNSS positioning
Authors:M Mainul Hoque  N Jakowski
Institution:(1) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
Abstract:With the increasing number of precise navigation and positioning applications using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), higher order ionospheric effects and their correction become more and more important. Whereas the first-order error can be completely eliminated by a linear combination of dual- frequency measurements, the second- and third-order residual effects remain uncorrected in this approach. To quantify the second-order residual effect, a simple formula has been derived for GNSS users in Germany. Our proposed correction algorithm reduces the second-order effects to a residual error of fractions of 1 mm up to 2 mm at a vertical total electron content level of 1018 electrons/m2 (100 TECU), depending on satellite azimuth and elevation angles. The correction formula can be implemented in real-time applications as it does not require the knowledge of the geomagnetic field or the electron density distribution in the ionosphere along the signal path. It is expected that the correction will enable more accurate positioning using the line-of-sight carrier-phase measurements.
Keywords:GNSS positioning  Signal refraction  Second-order ionospheric correction
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