洛阳地区史前聚落遗址空间形态研究

史前聚落与聚落之间按照一定的社会组织原则,在空间上近距离相聚而形成的各种聚落群聚形态,不仅是当时人类一种普遍生活方式的反映,而且还为窥探和研究史前社会的历史演变提供了一个视窗与平台。以中原核心地区洛阳地区(以洛阳盆地为主)为例,作为史前聚落群聚形态和社会演变的代表与典范展开研究。以仰韶文化时期与龙山文化时期的洛阳盆地为研究重点,基于GIS技术对该地区已发现的史前聚落遗址的数量、规模、空间分布、空间相互关系、以及与地形、地貌的空间关联等进行可视化的表达分析,并充分挖掘空间及属性信息,揭示"聚落群"与"聚落群团"的组织形态特点,辅助分析该地区聚落形态和社会演变规律,为史前文明进程的研究提供空间分析支撑。

Spatial Modality of Prehistoric Settlement Sites in Luoyang Area

Settlement archaeology is a composit subject about spatial location and geographical distribution of settlement and relic and vestige.Conforming to some society organization principle,the prehistoric settlements congregated to kinds of settlement groups closely in space,which not only was a token of general life style of prehistoric person,but also provided a viewport and a platform for revealing and researching on the historical evolution in prehistoric society.The Luoyang area(mainly Luoyang basin) of the core of Central Plains was taken as a typical example and representative for studying the grouping pattern of prehistoric settlements and society evolution,and the research emphasized on the Era of the Yangshao and Longshan.Based on GIS,the data processing was done(including the digitalization and registration and database design and so on) firstly,and then the number,scope,spatial distribution and space relationship of the discovered prehistoric settlements in the area were visualized with kinds of graphics and tables.And thirdly the spatial relationship of the settlements with topography and physiognomy were analyzed combined with some historical events and environment of the time.To be concrete,there were three results: More than 80% settlements located the area that gradient was lower than 3°,which showed the historical person were inclined to reside in the smooth area.More than 50% settlements located in the area less than 1 km far from the closest watershed and more than 90% settlements located in the area less than 4 km far from the closest watershed,which showed the prehistorical person were inclined to select the area where was moderate distance far from the closest watershed.The area of almost more than 60% settlements were 1～10 km2 moderately and the number and the area of the front 4 eras were balanced comparatively but that decreased in the Shang Era and increased largely in the West Zhou and East Zhou Dynasty,which were supposed to relate to some historical events.In this article,the space and attribute information were mined enough to reveal the modality characters of settlement group and union of settlement groups.Three factors were considered to assist and analyze the settlement modality: space distance between settlements,their scopes and some natural barriers(such as great river,jebel etc.).Based on the above analysis the settlements were plot out 24 settlement groups(in a group the distance among the settlements were generally short,and significantly greater than the mutual distance between the internal settlement ruins of the settlement group) and 5 unions of settlement groups(the Yi River,Luo River and Yiluo River were chiefly the partition boundaries) on the Yangshao Era,which was a reflex of the society structure and class of the time.