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Sand,hearths, lithics and a bit of bioturbation: Site formation processes at Umhlatuzana rockshelter,South Africa |
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| Authors: | Irini Sifogeorgaki Hans Huisman Panagiotis Karkanas Viola C Schmid Gerrit L Dusseldorp |
| Institution: | 1. Human Origins, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands;2. Section Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Amersfoort, The Netherlands;3. M. H. Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens, Greece;4. Human Origins, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany UMR 7041, Equipe AnTET, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France Contribution: Writing - review & editing, ?Investigation, Validation;5. Human Origins, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Contribution: Resources, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Visualization |
| Abstract: | Umhlatuzana rockshelter is known for its continuous record of Middle and Later Stone Age lithic assemblages. This study presents multiproxy geoarchaeological data (micromorphology, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy) to reconstruct the depositional and post-depositional history of the site. Although the Stone Age deposits macroscopically appear homogeneous, micromorphological analysis reveals the existence of primary, unaltered depositional microlayering throughout the sequence. Sediments related to combustion activities on-site are observed in both the Holocene and Pleistocene deposits. Post-depositional geochemical alterations result in the formation of several phosphatic minerals that significantly affect the site's preservation conditions. One of those is vashegyite, a rare magnesium phosphate mineral related to acidic and moist sedimentary environments. Bioturbation features are prominent at the microscale, but sediment mixing does not seem to affect the vertical distribution of the artifacts. The observation of horizontal microlayering in both the Pleistocene and Holocene illuminates the dominant mechanism of sedimentation throughout the site's 70,000-year occupational history. It moreover shows that the lithics can be analysed as coherent assemblages. |
| Keywords: | bioturbation geoarchaeology micromorphology phosphates site formation processes South Africa |