试论固体矿产普查、勘探与开发的合理程序

<正> 固体矿产普查勘探与开发程序,不仅是当前地质勘探和矿山建设工作中的实际问题,也是国内外学者和矿业学家多年来不断进行探讨和研究的一项理论课题。 苏联和东欧一些国家矿业活动实行国家管理,对地质普查、勘探程序一向极为重视。长期以来,他们通过制定各类矿产的勘探方法和储量规范,或由政府颁布有关条例、规程等形式对阶段程序作出统一规定,要求统一贯彻执行。

A PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION ON THE REASONABLE SEQUENCE OF SOLID MINERAL PROSPECTING,EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

A rational division of the entire process of solid mineral prospecting, exploration and development into sequential stages, first calls forthe formulation of a complete set of objective criteria for the division.In essence, these criteria imply no more than a reasonable combinationof geological, technical and economic factors in a certain period. Inorder to establish such criteria, it is necessary to follow the followingthree basic principles. 1. A reasonable sequence of stages must reflect the objective lawsgoverning the entire process of the geological work leading from mineral prospecting and exploration to mineral development. The objective laws which possess two basic characteristics: (1) Theyinvolve an investigation and study of naturally occurring geologicalbodies from beginning to end as is the case with other general geological sciences. (2) Their tasks stem directly from the needs of socialmaterial production and their object of study is mineral resources asboth naturally occurring geological bodies and economic bodies. They are directly co-ordinated with the process of mining activity and serveas an advance step of that process. The knowledge gained throughthese activities provides prerequisites for production. As mineral resources are hidden, complicated and highly variable, the knowledge thusgained inevitably bears more or less uncertainty, which accordingly constitutes the characteristic risk of mining activity. These geological activities concerning solid mineral resources, which serve as an advance stepof mining activity and bear uncertainty, actually represent the processof cognition, judgement and inference of mineral resources. Therefore,they are bound to be governed by the law of cognition. The process ofcognition of the cognition law must follow the principle of "proceed inan orderly way and step by step". This principle is just the most basicrequirement for dividing the sequence of geological activities concerningsolid mineral resources. It determines not only the content of variousstages but also the order and linking relations between them. Now that the geological activities concerning solid mineral resources are an advance step of mining activity and are directly coordinatedwith it, they are inevitably governed by the economic 1aw, too. Theeconomic law not only affects the level of geological study of mineralresources and the criteria for their evaluation, but also affects the division of the sequence of geological work in a concrete way, because thereasonableness of a sequence must be measured by using the optimumeconomic-technical effects as the yardstick. The geologic, cognition and economic laws infiltrate and governeach other, and together act upon the geological activities concerningmineral resources. Consequently, the formulation of a reasonable sequence of these activities must be based on the common demands of thethree objective laws. 2. The relativity and preference of the criteria made up of thegeologic, technical and economic factors are another important principlefor the reasonable division of a sequence. The geological conditions of a mineral deposit and the level of itsstudy constitute the basis for prospecting, exploration, mine designingand construction and guidance of mine production. Meanwhile, in orderto judge whether a mineral deposit can be mined and solve the problemof how to mine it, it is necessary to make an assessment of technicaleconomic feasibility study on the basis of some known geological conditions of the deposit and the level of its study; only by this can a decision be made.