淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化古人类植物性食物资源利用

本文利用淀粉粒分析方法对河南唐户遗址(约7.8~7.0ka B.P.)出土的裴李岗文化时期6件石磨盘、2件石磨棒和8件陶炊器残片表面附着残留物进行了分析, 共提取到6类不同形态的淀粉粒, 鉴定结果显示有分别来自小麦族(Triticeae)、粟(Setaria italica)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、栎属(Quercus)、莲属(Nelumbo)以及未知种属的淀粉粒。石磨盘、石磨棒表面附着淀粉粒种类的多样性表明该类工具在当时被用于加工多种需要碾磨或脱壳的植物果实或块根块茎。粟、水稻、小麦族及栎属等淀粉粒的同时发现也表明, 农业种植和采集是唐户先民获取植物性食物资源的主要途径。此外, 根据粟的淀粉粒在实验选取样品表面普遍出现的情况, 同时结合邻近的贾湖遗址植物考古和生产工具研究结果来看, 以粟种植为主, 水稻种植为辅的农业生产活动可能已成为唐户先民经济活动的主体。

PLANT RESOURCES UTILIZAITON AT THE TANGHU SITE DURING THE PEILIGANG CULTURE PERIOD BASED ON STARCH GRAIN ANALYSIS,HENAN PROVINCE

The Neolithic Tanghu site(7.8~7.0ka B.P.; 34°07'24"~ 34°08'20"N, 113°10'43"~ 113°11'22"E), located at Guanyinsi Town, Xinzheng City, Henan Province, approximately 50km south of Zhengzhou City is the largest Peiligang settlement site discovered up to date. Studies of plant remains can reveal the information of farming and plant resources utilization in prehistoric period, unfortunately, nearly no macrofossils were recovered in Tanghu site in our previous flotation work.In this article, eight broken stone artifacts including six stone plates and two stone rods as well as eight pottery shards were selected for the starch grain analysis which were respectively discovered in district Ⅳ and Ⅲ of the Tanghu site. Experimental results show that no starch grains were recovered at the unused surface of the eight stone artifacts, and only two starch granules were extracted respectively from the outside surfaces of samples TQ1 and TQ4. As a result, a total of 242 starch granules were recovered from eight stone artifacts and 254 from eight pottery shards. Based on the morphological characteristics, these starch granules could be divided into six categories including Triticeae, Setaria italic, Oryza sativa, Quercus, Nelumbo and some other unknown species. Different starch grain types found on grinding stones suggested that these stone tools were used to process various plant foods. Simultaneously, the appearance of starch grains respectively from crops and other species indicates that ancient Tanghu people gained plant foods not only through cultivation but gathering. However, according to archaeobotanical studies on Jiahu site and the frequency of occurrence of Setaria italica starch grains on stone and pottery artifacts from Tanghu site, it can be speculated that foxtail millet farming might have played an dominant role in people's plant foods structure in Tanghu site 7800~7000 years ago.