微观视角下旅游情境人地关系的理论与经验

旅游现象与活动中的人地关系是旅游研究中的跨学科议题,但目前微观心理与行为视角下的旅游情境人地关系研究尚有不足。本文检视了旅游情境人地关系研究的特殊性和多元性,探究了微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究的经验化路径,以旅游者行为意愿为例对人—地二元环境刺激促成人—地交互及行为反应的可能机制进行了理论推导和实证检验,并分析了上述理论与经验探讨对于旅游情境人地关系研究的启示。研究表明：① 旅游情境人地关系研究具有多元对象、层次、范式及方法论,存在4种主要情形和2种典型范式。② 心理—行为范式是拓展人地关系研究的重要方向,提炼具体问题和聚焦具体变量是微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究经验化及本体论化的关键环节。③ 认知和情感形象、地方依恋、行为意愿等构成的经验模型是对人—地二元到人—地交互理论逻辑的一种刻画,为旅游者行为提供了一个可能的人地关系解释。④ 微观视角下旅游者行为意愿的形成经历了地的功能与人的情感两个向度环境刺激、地方依恋人地联结有机体、行为反应之间的传导过程。⑤ 微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究需把握人地关系主题与旅游现象特性、完善多元尺度和范式、推进理论的经验化、注重方法的问题导向和理论意义。

Theoretical and empirical exploration of human-environment relationship in tourism context from a microcosmic perspective

The human-environment relationship in tourism phenomenon and activity is an interdisciplinary subject with theoretical and practical significance. However, human-environment relationship research in tourism context is distinctive due to the particularity and comprehensiveness of tourism phenomenon, with certain psychological and behavioral research gaps on ontological level and from microcosmic perspective. This paper, firstly, investigates the research pluralism as well as the basic situations and typical paradigms of human-environment relationship in tourism context, and probes into the possible empiricalization and ontologization approach to human-environment relationship research in the tourism context from a microcosmic perspective; and then it explores a possible theoretical mechanism of which dualistic human-environment stimulus leads to human-environment relationship and then to behavioral response in case of tourist behavioral intention based on stimulus-organism-response theory, and tests the hypothesized model based on empirical data collected in a typical study site; finally, it analyzes the inspiration for human-environment relationship research in tourism context stemmed from the above theoretical and empirical research. The research indicates the following: (1) There are four basic situations and two typical paradigms in human-environment relationship research in tourism context, which are diverse in research objects, scales, paradigms and methodologies. (2) The psychological-behavioral paradigm is an important direction to expand human-environment relationship research, while proposing concrete questions and focusing on specific variables are the key approach to empiricalization and ontologization of human-environment relationship research in the tourism context from a microcosmic perspective. (3) The empirical model composed of perceived cognitive image and affective image, place attachment as well as behavioral intention reflects the theoretical logic of human-environment duality to human-environment relationship to a certain extent, which provides a possible microcosmic explanation for human-environment relationship in tourist behavior. (4) The formation of tourist behavioral intention from a microcosmic perspective has experienced a transformation from two dimensional stimulus oriented to environmental function and human affection to human-environment organism of place attachment and then to behavioral response. (5) The human-environment relationship research in the tourism context from a microcosmic perspective requires that we grasp the theme of human-environment relationship and characteristics of tourism phenomena, improve diverse perspectives, scales and paradigms, promote the empiricalization of grand theories, and emphasize problem orientation and theoretical significance of certain methods and techniques.