基于主客观比较视角的乡村人居环境建设适配性评价——以江汉平原公安县为例

乡村人居环境是农户日常生产生活据以展开的设施及条件,基于主客观比较视角的乡村人居环境适配性评价是践行“以人民为中心”的发展思想和统筹推进乡村振兴的客观要求。论文立足江汉平原公安县乡村抽样调查和访谈数据,以乡村生活空间可及性解析环境供给水平,以居民生活条件满意度解译农户需求意愿,以乡村人居环境适配性解构供需差异,据此提出乡村人居环境优化方向及路径。结果显示：2017年案例区乡村生活空间可及性聚集分布最大值为44.75%,隶属“中类”,以就业空间与休闲空间可及性最为薄弱;乡村居民生活条件满意度聚集分布最大值为0.467,隶属“中类”,其中农村自然环境与经济运行环境的满意度评价最低。主观需求与客观供给适配性在县域尺度和农户个体尺度均呈“中—中”类型适配模式,但在不同尺度的不同维度表现出差异性。研究结果可为案例地区及相似地域乡村人居环境建设与乡村振兴提供科学依据。

Adaptability of rural human settlements construction based on subjective and objective comparison:A case study of Gong'an County on the Jianghan Plain

Rural human settlements are the facilities and conditions for farmers to carry out their daily production activities and living. The adaptability evaluation of rural human settlements based on subjective and objective comparison is a requirement to practice the "people-centered" development concept and promote the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization in China. On the basis of evaluating the comprehensive development levels of villages and towns/townships of Gong'an County on the Jianghan Plain, this study selected 50 villages in 5 towns as samplings, and conducted a household survey to obtain data by using the methods of semistructured interview, stratified sampling, and random sampling in September 2017. This study analyzed the rural human settlement environmental supply with the accessibility of rural living space, interpreted the farming households' demand with the residents' satisfaction of living conditions, and deconstructed the difference between supply and demand with the adaptability of rural human environment. Two adaptability modes and nine adaptability types of rural human settlements supply and demand were proposed. Adaptability was evaluated by using entropy method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, natural break and maximum membership principle, and then, the direction and path for the optimization of rural human settlements were put forward. The results show that during the study period, the maximum distribution of rural living space accessibility was 44.75%, which belongs to the medium level category, and the accessibility of employment space and leisure space was the weakest; the maximum distribution of satisfaction of rural human settlements in the case area was 0.467, belonging to the medium level category, and the satisfaction of the rural natural environment and economic operation environment was the lowest. Although the adaptability between subjective demand and objective supply are all of "medium-medium" pattern at the county and the individual farming household scales, there are differences in different dimensions and at different scales. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the construction of rural human settlements and rural revitalization in the case area and similar regions.