缅甸岩溶地质概况

缅甸岩溶地质研究正处于快速发展阶段，系统综合的岩溶地质资料有助于从宏观上了解缅甸岩溶情况。文章在系统收集资料的基础上，综合多种尺度地质图、水文地质图、构造图及其遥感资料，编制1∶100万缅甸岩溶地质分布图，从地质演化过程、岩性组合、气候环境等方面综合剖析岩溶作用的背景条件，以此总结缅甸岩溶分布规律和岩溶景观特征，为“全球岩溶地质”数据库提供基础支持。缅甸的岩溶分布面积达7×10⁴ km²，是东南亚岩溶分布面积第二大的国家，厚层的古生代碳酸盐岩地层、复杂的构造运动、温润多雨的气候、活跃的生物活动等均有利于岩溶作用的发生，其发育峰林、峰丛、洞穴岩溶景观，岩溶景观资源潜力巨大，具有全球最高的生物多样性，但同时也面临着生态被破坏、干旱、洪涝等地质环境问题。

An overview of karst geology in Myanmar

With a widespread area of karst accounting for about 12% of the national territory, Myanmar, the second largest country in Southeast Asia in terms of karst area, has great potential of karst resources. However, due to outdated infrastructure and other reasons, the research on karst geology in Myanmar started late with a weak foundation. Having been in the developing stage of karst geology research in Myanmar, comprehensive karst geological data is conducive to understanding karst in this country. On the basis of systematic data collection, this study synthesizes remote sensing data with geologic map, hydrogeologic map, and structural map on various scales. It comprehensively analyzes the background conditions of karstification from the geological evolution process, lithologic combination, and climate and environment, and summarizes the karst distribution law and the characteristics of karst landscape in Myanmar.Extending to the borders of Thailand, Laos and China, karst in Myanmar covers an area of 70,000 km2, distributed in the high land and mountainous area of Shan State to the east of the Irrawaddy River and the south of Andaman Sea. Some karst landforms are also developed in Kachin State in the north, Chin State in the west and Sagaing State in the northwest. Mainly developed in the Permian-Lower Triassic limestone and Early Ordovician limestone, karst on the Shan Plateau in the east is the largest karst area in Myanmar, with an area of about 63,000 km2. The belt-shaped karst extends 1,500 kilometers from Shan State to Myeik Archipelago in a south-north direction. Intensity of karstification in Myanmar is controlled by many geological factors such as stratigraphic lithology, geological structure and environment. Thick Paleozoic carbonate strata, warm and rainy climate, complex tectonic movements and active biological activities are all conducive to the occurrence of karstification. The thick layers of Permian-Triassic, Triassic, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, pure limestone, and dolomite are the main layers of karst development, especially 5,000-meter-thick Permian-Triassic limestone in Shan State. With the highest biodiversity in the world, active biological activities in Myanmar facilitate karstification. The karst landform in Myanmar is controlled by stratigraphic lithology, with the development of peak forests, peak clusters, and karst cave landscapes. From north to south, karst landforms change from limestone ridges, canyons, cluster-peak depressions to peak forest plains. Hpa-an is a transitional area from high mountain karst to depression karst.