Different times,same story: Native forest loss and landscape homogenization in three physiographical areas of south-central of Chile |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile;2. Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;3. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamental 1 DI. 231 c/ Tulipán s/n. E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;4. Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;5. Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile;1. Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK;2. Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada;3. Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile;6. Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile;1. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;2. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;3. Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;4. University of Copenhagen, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;1. Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain;2. Centre for Science and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, piso 4, Santiago, Chile;3. Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal;1. Department of Geography and Geology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L394QP, United Kingdom;2. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom;3. Landscape Ecology and Conservation Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile;4. Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile;5. Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
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| Abstract: | Temperate forest represents the smallest area among the main world's forest biomes, but is one of those most threatened by forest loss. Chile contains most of the temperate forest in South America and more than half of the temperate forest in the southern hemisphere. Chilean temperate forest is considered to be one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. In this study we assessed the rate of land use and land cover (LULC) change over time, identified the main LULCs replacing native forest, and described how changes have evolved in contrasting physiographical conditions and through different historical phases of the landscape over the last 40 years. To achieve this, we analysed LULC change with particular focus on forest cover in three areas representing different physiographical conditions and histories of human occupation in the Araucanía Region of Chile, namely the Central Valley, the Coastal range, and the Andean range. We found substantial differences in temporal and intra-regional patterns of forest loss and LULC change. In the Central Valley, forest loss started long ago, and the area occupied by native forest nowadays is less than 5% of the landscape. In the Coastal range, rapid land cover change has taken place since 1973, with an increasing rate of forest loss over time. We detected a similar but less intense pattern in the forests of the Andean range. Overall, the general pattern points to a process of landscape homogenization in all three physiographical areas. Exotic tree plantations have spread over large geographical areas, becoming the dominant land cover. Land cover change in the Araucanía Region reflects a model of change in which areas with better environmental conditions and accessibility are occupied first for productive activities. As the availability of suitable areas for the expansion of productive activities diminishes, these activities start to move into physiographical areas which were previously “protected” by adverse environmental conditions or poor accessibility. This model of production growth could lead to the complete deforestation of areas outside national protected areas, and other areas which still remain inaccessible due to technological restrictions on exploitation. |
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| Keywords: | Deforestation Timber plantation Chilean temperate forest Land use – land cover change |
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