Megaplume bubble process visualization by 3D multibeam sonar mapping |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Dept. Earth Science and Marine Science Inst., UCSB, USA;2. Bubbleology Research Intnl, USA;3. Teledyne-Reson, USA;1. Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand;2. National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;3. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, China;1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;2. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;3. Sanya Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China;1. IFREMER, Département Ressources Physiques et Ecosystèmes de fond de Mer (REM), 29280 Plouzané, France;2. Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7207, CR2P, CNRS/MNHN, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France;3. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, D-48149 Münster, Germany;4. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, IPSL, LOCEAN, Paris, France;5. IFREMER, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement (RBE), Unité Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France;6. GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany;7. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54500 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France;8. Peking University, Department of Energy & Sciences, College of Engineering, Beijing 100871, China;9. FORAM, Foraminiferal Study Group, F-49140 Villevêque, France;10. Université d′Angers, F-49035 Angers, France;11. Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Environnements et Paléo-environnements Océaniques et Continentaux, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France;12. Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Climate and Marine Sciences, Maslak, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey;13. Marine and Environmental Research Department, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:139, 06800 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey;14. IFREMER, Dyneco BENTHOS, 29280 Plouzane, France;p. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Via di Vigna Murata, 605, 00143 Roma, Italy;q. Istituto di Scienze Marine, ISMAR-CNR, Marine Geology, Bologna, Italy;r. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mines, EMCOL and Dept of Geological Engineering, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey;s. Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, IRD, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France;1. MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany;2. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Ocean Admin Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States;3. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany;4. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK;5. Geological Sciences Division, British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK;6. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;7. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany |
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| Abstract: | MultiBeam echosounder data were collected during a surface-ship survey of the 22/4b well site in the North Sea in September 2011 using a Teledyne-Reson 7125. Modern multibeam echosounders are instrumental in providing detection and accurate localization of weak to strong bubble plumes. Two survey profiles effectively insonified the bubble plumes rising from the main crater at the well site, providing snapshot data of bubble plume processes. Additionally, three profiles insonified bubble plumes rising from, in, and to the south of a secondary crater, 1.2 km southeast of the main crater. Data processing included a simple algorithm that muted mislocated echoes from incomplete sidelobe suppression. The data processing produced a Cartesian volume of echo intensity from the water column and seabed.Plume geometry was analyzed to investigate a number of important large-scale plume processes, including plume bubble detrainment due to currents and stratification, downwelling flows, sea surface interaction, plume heterogeneity, and other fluid transport processes. The data showed strong upwelling flows, with bubble vertical motions generally much faster than currents. One important finding was that megaplumes create intrusions above the general thermocline, in part because their extensive upwelling flow lifts the thermocline locally. As a result, the intrusion layer deposits dissolved gases in the upper wave-mixed layer of the water column where it is not isolated from the atmosphere, unlike dissolved gases in the lower water column.The analysis shows that high fidelity multibeam echosounder data can provide a wealth of remote sensing information on bubble plume characteristics and processes, with important applications, including blowout monitoring and response, better understanding of megaplumes such as used in lake destratification, and improved characterization of natural seep emission processes. |
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| Keywords: | Multibeam sonar Methane plumes North Sea |
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