Atmospheric ionization and cosmic rays: studies and measurements before 1912 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;3. Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, United States;4. Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Physics, Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;5. Physics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada;7. Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;8. Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Av. Elias Garcia 14, 1°, 1000-149 Lisboa, Portugal;9. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States;10. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States;11. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;12. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK;13. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, United States;14. Department of Physics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada;15. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK;p. SNOLAB, Sudbury, ON P3Y 1M3, Canada;q. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0264, United States;r. TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada;s. Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States;t. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States;1. Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;3. Edwards Air Force Base, CA 93524, USA;4. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;5. Department of Physics, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80920, USA;6. NASA/Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;1. Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany;2. Institut für Kernphysik and PRISMA cluster of excellence, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany;3. Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The discovery of cosmic rays, a milestone in science, was based on the work by scientists in Europe and the New World and took place during a period characterized by nationalism and lack of communication. Many scientists that took part in this research a century ago were intrigued by the penetrating radiation and tried to understand the origin of it. Several important contributions to the discovery of the origin of cosmic rays have been forgotten; historical, political and personal facts might have contributed to their substantial disappearance from the history of science. |
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| Keywords: | Cosmic rays History of physics Atmospheric electricity |
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