Cosmic rays in the heliosphere: Observations |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;3. Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, United States;4. Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Physics, Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;5. Physics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada;7. Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;8. Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Av. Elias Garcia 14, 1°, 1000-149 Lisboa, Portugal;9. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States;10. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States;11. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;12. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK;13. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, United States;14. Department of Physics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada;15. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK;p. SNOLAB, Sudbury, ON P3Y 1M3, Canada;q. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0264, United States;r. TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada;s. Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States;t. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States;1. Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;3. Edwards Air Force Base, CA 93524, USA;4. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;5. Department of Physics, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80920, USA;6. NASA/Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;1. Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States;2. Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States;3. Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States;4. Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States;1. Laboratorio de Fisica de la Atmosfera, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 Tucuman, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, CONICET, Argentina;3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;4. Laboratorio de Telecomunicaciones, Departamento de Electricidad, Electronica y Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 Tucuman, Argentina |
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| Abstract: | This contribution to the 100th commemoration of the discovery of cosmic rays (6–8 August, 2012 in Bad Saarow, Germany) is about observations of those cosmic rays that are sensitive to the structure and the dynamics of the heliosphere. This places them in the energy range of 107–1010 eV. For higher energies the heliosphere becomes transparent; below this energy range the particles become strictly locked into the solar wind. Rather than give a strict chronological development, the paper is divided into distinct topics. It starts with the Pioneer/Voyager missions to the outer edges of the heliosphere, because the most recent observations indicate that a distinct boundary of the heliosphere might have been reached at the time of the meeting. Thereafter, the Ulysses mission is described as a unique one because it is still the only spacecraft that has explored the heliosphere at very high latitudes. Next, anomalous cosmic rays, discovered in 1972–1974, constitute a separate component that is ideally suited to study the acceleration and transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere. At this point the history and development of ground-based observations is discussed, with its unique contribution to supply a stable, long-term record. The last topic is about solar energetic particles with energies up to ～1010 eV. |
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| Keywords: | Cosmic rays Heliosphere |
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