Die Gamsberg-Spalten (SW-Afrika) -Zeugen Karroo-zeitlicher Erdbeben |
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Authors: | Dr Reinhold Wittig |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 34 Göttingen |
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Abstract: | Zusammenfassung Am Großen Gamsberg, einem Tafelberg auf dem Rande des Großen Escarpments SW-Afrikas zwischen Windhoek und Walvisbay, liegen 30 m mächtige Quarzite der oberen Karroo transgressiv auf dem präkambrischen Gamsberg-Granit. Im Quarzit und im Granit lassen sich vier Spaltensysteme unterscheiden, die durch karroozeitliche Erdbeben entstanden sind. Die unterschiedlichen Spaltentypen werden beschrieben und ihre relativen Altersbeziehungen zueinander diskutiert. Die verschiedenen Spalten, die vorzugsweise N-S streichen, dokumentieren eine starke Ausdehnungstendenz in E-W-Richtung (5–10 m auf 3 km).Als Erklärung bietet sich ein Zusammenhang mit dem Auseinanderbrechen von Afrika und Süd-Amerika an. Eine starke seismische Aktivität in der weiteren Umgebung der endgültigen Bruchzone könnte die Spaltenbildung bewirkt haben. Neben der in der Literatur häufig vorgenommenen Zuordnung von fossilen Erdbebenspalten zu orogenen Vorgängen kommt damit die Plattentektonik als weiterer Gesichtspunkt für die geotektonische Ursache von fossilen Erdbebenspalten in Betracht.
The summit of the Great Gamsberg, a mesa at the edge of the Great S. W. African Escarpment, between Windhoek and Walvis Bay, is formed by 30 m thick Upper Karroo quartzites, which rest with transgressive contact on the pre-Cambrian Gamsberg Granite. Four fissure systems, which have resulted from earthquakes of Karroo age, can be recognized in the quartzite and granite. The various fissure types are described and (heir relative ages discussed. The fissures, which strike predominantly N-S, record a strong extensional trend in an E-W direction (5–10 m in 3 km).A connection with the breaking apart of Africa and South America offers an explanation for the fracture systems. Intense seismic activity in the general area of the final rift zone could have led to fissure formation. Thus, in addition to the frequently cited assignment of fossil earthquake fissures to orogenic processes, plate tectonics must be considered as a further geotectonic cause of such fissures.
Résumé Au Grand Gamsberg — une montagne tabulaire en bordure du Grand Escarpement de l'Afrique du Sud-Ouest entre Windhoek et Walvisbay — des quartzites du Karroo Supérieur d'une épaisseur de 30 m forment une couverture transgressive sur le granite précambrien du Gamsberg. Dans les quartzites et dans le granite, on peut distinguer quatre systèmes de fissures engendrés par des séismes pendant le Karroo. Les différents types de fissures sont décrits, et leurs âges rélatifs sont discutés. Les différentes fissures, qui montrent de préférence une direction NS, indiquent une forte tendance à une extension dans la direction EW (5–10 m sur 3 km).Une liaison avec la séparation de l'Afrique de l'Amérique du Sud serait susceptible d'en donner une explication. Une activité séismique intense dans le domaine environnant de la zone de fracturation finale pourrait avoir provoqué la formation des fissures. A l'attribution fréquente dans la litérature, de fissures séismiques fossiles à des phénomènes orogéniques s'ajoute ici la tectonique de plaques comme autre point de vue dans la recherche de la cause géotectonique de telles fissures.
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![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) N-S ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![gcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) E-W (5–10 ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) 3 ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ).![Acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1040.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![hardcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1098.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![YUcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1070.gif) ![zhcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1040.gif) ![mcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![Scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1057.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![shchcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shchcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1097.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) . ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ycy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1099.gif) ![gcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ucy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1084.gif) ![bcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ucy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1091.gif) ![dcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1091.gif) ![shchcy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/h32l6h1453515455/xxlarge1077.gif) .
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