An experimental study of the wave excitation in the gap between two closely spaced bodies,with implications for LNG offloading |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Numerical Offshore Tank (TPN), Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering – University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Naval Architecture Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China;2. School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;4. Marine Design & Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China;1. School of Naval Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China;2. School of Computing, Mathematics and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK;3. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore;1. Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia;2. Shell Global Solutions BV (Shell), Kessler Park 1, 2280 AB, Rijswijk, The Netherlands;3. University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PG, UK;1. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;2. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;3. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore |
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| Abstract: | The side-by-side offloading of liquid natural gas (LNG) at offshore terminals involves a fixed and a floating body in close proximity; the offshore terminal being the fixed body and the LNG tanker the floating body. The closeness of the two bodies leads to the formation of a long and relatively narrow gap, within which there is the potential for large amplifications of the water surface elevation. The present paper uses experimental results to characterise both the size and nature of the excitation within the gap. It also illustrates the effect of the vessel motion on this amplification by considering a 1:100 scaled model of an LNG tanker as well as its fixed approximation. It is found that the body's ability to move acts to increase the frequency at which resonant amplification within the gap occurs (the resonance frequency). The incident wave conditions considered include regular and irregular waves in both beam- and head-sea orientations; the latter leading to very different gap end conditions. The nature of the resonant amplification for the floating LNG tanker is shown to be similar for the two orientations, suggesting that the gap end conditions do not drive the resonant amplification. Consideration of the nonlinearity within the gap illustrates that resonant amplification occurs at the resonance frequency, irrespective of whether the fluid motion is first or second harmonic. The present paper provides data relevant to the safe offloading operations of an LNG tanker and demonstrates the importance of incorporating the vessel motion in numerical modelling procedures. |
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| Keywords: | Fluid-structure interactions Wave excitations between two closely spaced bodies Side-by-side off loading LNG off loading |
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