Recent progress in understanding Pc1 pearl formation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Liisantie 1 A 4, Oulu, FIN-90560, Finland;2. The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia;3. Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Irkutsk 664033, Russia;1. State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;1. Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;2. Department of technical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;3. INSERM UMR 866, ‘Lipids Nutrition Cancer’, University of Burgundy, Faculty of Sciences, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France;1. Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. European Neuroscience Institute, Grisebachstrasse 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;1. Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/3 Akademichesky Ave, Tomsk, 634055, Russia;2. Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenin Ave, Tomsk, 634050, Russia;1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan;1. Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile;2. Departamento de Física, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7-D, Arica, Chile;3. Instituto de Alta Investigación IAI, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7-D, Arica, Chile |
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| Abstract: | We discuss recent progress in understanding mechanisms of formation of Pc1 pearl emissions. This problem remains unsettled in spite of many years of experimental and theoretical studies. Modern satellite observations by e.g. Polar and Cluster still do not reveal the whole picture experimentally since they do not stay long enough in the generation region to give a full account of all the spatio-temporal structure belonging to a single Pc1 event. Ground-based observations have also been extremely helpful, especially in combination with spacecraft data, but still existing experimental information allows one to advocate different scenario of Pc1 nature. On the other hand, a complete self-consistent theory taking into account all factors significant for Pc1 generation remains to be developed. Several mechanisms are discussed with respect to formation of Pc1 pearl spectrum, among them are nonlinear modification of the ionospheric reflection by precipitating energetic protons, modulation of ion-cyclotron instability by long-period (Pc3/4) pulsations, reflection of waves from layers of heavy-ion gyroresonances, and nonlinearities of wave generation process. We show that each of these mechanisms have their attractive features and explains certain part experimental data but any of them, if taken alone, meets some difficulties when compared to observations. We conclude that development of a refined nonlinear theory and further correlated analysis of modern satellite and ground-based data is needed to solve this very intriguing problem. |
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