Paläoklimatische Information im Isotopengehalt14C-datierter Saharawässer: Kontinentaleffekt in D und18O |
| |
Authors: | Dr Christian Sonntag Prof Dr Eberhard Klitzsch Prof Dr E M El Shazly Christel Kalinke Prof Dr Karl Otto Münnich |
| |
Institution: | (1) Present address: Institut für Umweltphysik, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-6900 Heidelberg;(2) Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Technische Universität, Hardenbergstr. 42, D-3000 Berlin 12;(3) Atomic Energy Establishment, Cairo, UAR |
| |
Abstract: | Zusammenfassung In den14C-Altern der Saharawässer spiegelt sich die wechselnde Abfolge von Feucht- und Trockenphasen während des späten Pleistozäns und Holozäns wider. Außerdem zeigt sich ein West-Ost-Gefälle in ihrem D- und18O-Gehalt, das als Kontinentaleffekt im Grundwasser gedeutet wird. Dieser Kontinentaleffekt setzt voraus, daß das nordafrikanische Klimageschehen vergangener Feuchtphasen von der Westdrift bestimmt wurde, die regenbringende atlantische Luftmassen weit ins Saharainnere getrieben hat. Ein einfaches mathematisches Modell, das den Kontinentaleffekt durch eine Rayleigh-Kondensation beschreibt, ergibt die beste Anpassung an die Meßwerte, wenn für die Sahara (ähnlich wie heute in Europa) ein West-Ost-Gefälle in den Paläo-Winterniederschlagsmengen von –30% pro 1000 km angenommen wird. Unter der Annahme ehemaliger Winterniederschläge (Sept.-März) von 600 mm (entspricht Lissabon heute) für das Gebiet an der nordafrikanischen Atlantikküste ergibt diese Modellrechnung z. B. 250 mm für die Paläo-Winterniederschläge im Gebiet des Murzuk-Beckens.
The14C-age distribution of Saharian groundwaters shows the alternating sequence of humid and arid periods in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The observed west-east decrease of the D- and18O-content of the Sahara waters is interpreted to be the Continental Effect in rain and groundwater. The paleoclimatic situation during ground-water formation therefore was controlled by the western drift carrying wet Atlantic air masses across the Sahara. The best fit of a simple Rayleigh condensation model of the continental effect to the experimental data is obtained with a west-east decrease of the Saharian paleo-winter precipitation of –30% per 1000 km (similar to the one in Europe today). With an annual winter precipitation rate (Sept.-March) of 600 mm (corresponding to the one of Lisboa today) for the Northafrican coastal area at the Atlantic Ocean a previous winter precipitation rate of 250 mm is obtained for the Murzuq Basin.
Résumé Une succession de périodes humides et arides à la fin du Pléistocène et à l'Holocène se réflète dans la distribution des âges14C d'eaux souterraines du Sahara. Les teneurs en D et18O diminuent d'Ouest en Est, ce qui est interprété comme un effet continental dans l'eau souterraine. Celui-ci signifie que la climatologie des phases pluviales passées, dans l'Afrique du Nord, était déterminée par des vents d'Ouest qui apportaient des masses d'air atlantique humide à l'intérieur du Sahara. Un modèle mathématique simple décrivant l'effet continental par une condensation du type Rayleigh, reproduit avec la meilleure conformité les valeurs expérimentales, pour autant qu'on admette que les pluies hivernales au Sahara diminuaient anciennement d'Ouest en Est de 30% par 1000 km (comme à présent en Europe). En supposant qu'autrefois la quantité de pluie hivernale, de septembre à mars à la côte atlantique de l'Afrique du Nord était de 600 mm (comme aujourd'hui à Lisbonne), on obtient à l'aide de ce modèle une précipitation hivernale ancienne de 250 mm dans le bassin du Mourzouk.
![Kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1057.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![khcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) 14C, ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![khcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1093.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) , ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1081.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) 18O, ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![shchcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1057.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1102.gif) , ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1096.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![fcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1081.gif) ![fcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![Acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) , ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![shchcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![Scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1057.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![khcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1055.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1097.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) Rayleigh, ![khcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1096.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1057.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![khcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) — ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![shchcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) — ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) — 30 % ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ycy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1099.gif) 1000 ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1055.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) -![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![softcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) , . . ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1079.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1103.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) 600 , — ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1051.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1096.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) —, ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1102.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1083.gif) ![bcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1052.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![tscy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1094.gif) ![ucy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ncy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1077.gif) 250 ![mcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/w13758488352p562/xxlarge1086.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|