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Chemical characterization of wet precipitation events and deposition of pollutants in coal mining region,India

Authors:	Abhay Kumar Singh G C Mondal

Institution:	(1) Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Barwa Road, Dhanbad, 826001, India

Abstract:	The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation in India’s richest coal mining belt. Total 418 samples were collected on event basis at six sites from July to October in 2003 and May to October in 2004 and analysed for pH, EC, F⁻, Cl⁻, $\rm SO_4^{2 - }$ , $\rm NO_3^ -$ , Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and $\rm NH_4^ +$ . The average pH value (5.7) of the rainwater of the investigated area is alkaline in nature. However, the temporal pH variation showed the alkaline nature during the early phase of monsoonal rainfall but it trends towards acidic during the late and high rainfall periods. The rainwater chemistry of the region showed high contribution of Ca²⁺ (47%) and $\rm NH_4^ +$ (21%) in cations and $\rm SO_4^{2 - }$ (55%) and Cl⁻ (23%) in anionic abundance. The high non seas salt fraction (nss) of Ca²⁺ (99%) and Mg²⁺ (96%) suggests crustal source of the ions, while the high nss $\rm SO_4^{2 - }$ (96%) and high ${{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } {\left( {NO_3^ - + C1^ - } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {NO_3^ - + C1^ - } \right)}}$ ratio signifying the impact of anthropogenic sources and the source of the acidity. The ratio of ${{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} + NO_3^ - } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} + NO_3^ - } {\left( {NH_4^ + + Ca^{2 + } } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {NH_4^ + + Ca^{2 + } } \right)}}$ varies from 0.03 to 3.23 with the average value of 0.84 suggesting that Ca²⁺ and play a major role in neutralization processes. The assessment of the wet ionic deposition rates shows no any specific trend, however Ca²⁺ deposition rate was highest followed by $\rm SO_4^{2 - }$ and $\rm NH_4^ +$ _.

Keywords:	Precipitation chemistry Acid rain pH Dhanbad− Bokaro Neutralization factor Wet deposition India
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