地下水可持续开发:概念、原理与方法

水均衡是众所周知的原理,但是它的应用却常常引发很多争议.争议之一就是应用水均衡方程确定地下水的安全开采量和可持续开采量.对于地下水的天然补给量存在两种截然不同的误解:一种认为,如果地下水的开采量没有超过天然补给量,那么开采地下水就是安全的;另一种则认为,地下水的可持续开采量仅仅取决于地下水的捕获量,而与天然补给量无关.事实上,地下水的天然补给量和捕获量共同决定了地下水的安全开采量或可持续开采量.本文阐明了围绕水均衡的争议,并用水均衡方程剖析了安全开采量和可持续开采量的概念.文中对可持续开采量的定义进行了详细的解释,对实现地下水可持续开发的方法进行了总结.其中,地下水数值模拟模型和模拟-优化模型是确定地下水可持续开发方案的最有效的工具,文中也对这两个模型进行了简单的回顾.

Groundwater sustainability:concepts and approaches

The principle of water balance is well known, but its application often causes controversy.One of the debate is the use of the water balance equation to determine the safe yield and sustainable yield.Two extreme opinions exist on natural groundwater recharge.One misconception is that the development of groundwater is considered to be safe if the rate of groundwater withdrawal does not exceed the rate of natural recharge.Another is that the sustainable pumping rate has nothing to do with natural recharge,but...