Upper layer cooling and freshening in the Norwegian Sea in relation to atmospheric forcing |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;2. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Murmansk, Russia;3. Fisheries Laboratory of the Faroes, Faroe Islands, Denmark;4. Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland;5. Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK;6. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;1. Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland;2. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Bern, Switzerland;1. Faroe Marine Research Institute, Box 3051, FO-110 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands;2. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany;3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;4. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;5. Marine Research Institute, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;6. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland;7. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, Plymouth, UK;8. Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK;9. Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, UK |
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| Abstract: | Several time series in the Norwegian Sea indicate an upper layer decrease in temperature and salinity since the 1960s. Time series from Weather Station “M”, from Russian surveys in the Norwegian Sea, from Icelandic standard sections, and from Scottish and Faroese observations in the Faroe–Shetland area have similar trends and show that most of the Norwegian Sea is affected. The reason is mainly increased freshwater supply from the East Icelandic Current. As a result, temperature and salinity in some of the time series were lower in 1996 than during the Great Salinity Anomaly in the 1970s. There is evidence of strong wind forcing, as the NAO winter index is highly correlated with the lateral extent of the Norwegian Atlantic Current. Circulation of Atlantic water into the western Norwegian and Greenland basins seems to be reduced while circulation of upper layer Arctic and Polar water into the Norwegian Sea has increased. The water-mass structure is further affected in a much wider sense by reduced deep-water formation and enhanced formation of Arctic intermediate waters. A temperature rise in the narrowing Norwegian Atlantic Current is strongest in the north. |
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