优化采样策略下长江口潮间带大型底栖生物物种丰富度的估算

在异质性潮间带湿地中通过野外采样估算大型底栖动物物种丰富度，面临的挑战是统计上精确性的要求与实际采样难度之间的矛盾。为了解决这个问题，本研究通过对采样策略整个过程的三个主要部分进行优化设计（优化采样方法、确定最少采样效力、探索最佳的采样间距），以期在中国长江河口典型的潮间带湿地中获得一个优化、有效和实用的大型底栖动物采样策略。本研究选取了横断面采样方法，并根据典型栖息地类型（潮滩、潮沟、盐沼植被）进行分层优化采样，这种类型的采样也称为横断面分层抽样。最少采样效力和最佳的采样间距由两个数学方法确定：蒙特·卡洛模拟和物种累积曲线。结果表明，根据典型栖息地类型优化的横断面分层采样，在大为减少采样效力和劳动力的情况下，还能采集样地81%物种，优化效果明显。同时，还分别确定了三类栖息地的最佳采样间隔和最小采样效力：在盐沼植被中，采样效力需要超过1.8 m2，最佳采样间隔为10 m；在潮滩中，最小采样效力2 m2，最佳采样间隔为10 m；在潮沟中，采样效力为3 m2，间隔为1 m。不同栖息地类型之间最小采样效力和最佳采样间隔的差异可能受到优势物种的迁移范围和栖息地的物理差异（例如潮汐水文、底泥、植被覆盖）的影响。本研究所采用的优化采样策略在平衡采样效力的情况下，为大型底栖动物丰富度估算提供良好的精度。此外，在河口湿地进行大型底栖动物调查之时，本研究的结论能提供采样策略参考。本研究所采用的采样策略设计注重采样的三个关键部分，具有良好的采样效果，可作为栖息地管理或生态系统评估的野外实地采样指南。

Estimating the macrobenthic species richness with an optimized sampling design in the intertidal zone of Changjiang Estuary

It is a challenge in the field sampling to face conflict between the statistical requirements and the logistical constraints when explicitly estimating the macrobenthos species richness in the heterogeneous intertidal wetlands. To solve this problem, this study tried to design an optimal, efficient and practical sampling strategy by comprehensively focusing on the three main parts of the entire process (to optimize the sampling method, to determine the minimum sampling effort and to explore the proper sampling interval) in a typical intertidal wetland of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary, China. Transect sampling was selected and optimized by stratification based on pronounced habitat types (tidal flat, tidal creek, salt marsh vegetation). This type of sampling is also termed within-transect stratification sampling. The optimal sampling intervals and the minimum sample effort were determined by two beneficial numerical methods:Monte Carlo simulations and accumulative species curves. The results show that the within-transect stratification sampling with typical habitat types was effective for encompassing 81% of the species, suggesting that this type of sampling design can largely reduce the sampling effort and labor. The optimal sampling intervals and minimum sampling efforts for three habitats were determined:sampling effort must exceed 1.8 m² by 10 m intervals in the salt marsh vegetation, 2 m² by 10 m intervals in the tidal flat, and 3 m² by 1 m intervals in the tidal creek habitat. It was suggested that the differences were influenced by the mobility range of the dominant species and the habitats'' physical differences (e.g., tidal water, substrate, vegetation cover). The optimized sampling strategy could provide good precision in the richness estimation of macrobenthos and balance the sampling effort. Moreover, the conclusions presented here provide a reference for recommendations to consider before macrobenthic surveys take place in estuarine wetlands. The sampling strategy, focusing on the three key parts of the sampling design, had a good operational effect and could be used as a guide for field sampling for habitat management or ecosystem assessment.