Sources of environmental sulfur in the groundwater system,southern New Zealand |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;1. Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Japan;2. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Materials Science, Akita University, Japan;3. Japan Coal Energy Center, Tokyo, Japan;4. Faculty of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, Japan;1. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada;2. Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 121-1984 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z2, Canada;3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2.552-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;4. Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada;1. Rio Tinto Iron Ore, 152-158 St George''s Terrace, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;2. West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology M090, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;1. Centre for Earth Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India;2. Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India;3. High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC;4. Marine Industry and Engineering Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung, 806, Taiwan, ROC;5. Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC |
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| Abstract: | Sulfide minerals commonly occur in sediments and basement rocks in southern New Zealand, as authigenic precipitates from groundwater below the oxygenated surface zone. There are two principal potential sources for sulfur in the groundwater system: weathering of sulfide minerals in the metamorphic basement and rainwater-derived marine aerosols. We present data for these two key sulfur sources: metamorphic sulfide and associated hydrothermal Au-bearing veins within the Otago Schist (average δ34S = ?1.8 ± 2.4‰), and an inland saline lake (S derived entirely from rainwater, δ34S = 21.4 ± 0.8‰). We use these two end member δ34S values to estimate the contributions of these sources of sulfur in authigenic groundwater sulfide minerals and in waters derived from oxidation of these sulfide minerals, across a range of environments. We show that authigenic groundwater pyrite along joints in the Otago schist is derived primarily from metamorphic basement sulfur. In contrast, authigenic groundwater pyrite cementing Miocene-Recent aquifers shows a substantial marine aerosol component, and represents a distinct hydrogeological system. We suggest that marine aerosols represent a significant flux to the terrestrial sulfur cycle that has been present through the groundwater system in Otago over the past 20 million years. |
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| Keywords: | Sulfur isotopes Sulfur cycle Mine waters Pyrite Marine aerosols Groundwater |
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