On the orientation of ephemeris reference frames

One may construct complete planetary and lunar ephemerides, referred to the equator and dynamical equinox of some epoch, strictly from ranging data alone. Such an ephemeris would be completely independent from any optical data and therefore independent of any stellar catalogue. By using such an ephemeris to then analyse optical observations, one could theoretically derive many of the pertinent features of the catalogue system to which the optical observations are referred. Such features include the equinox offset, equinox motion and systematic proper motion errors. In practice, the optical observations are used in the fitting process, but essentially the same determinations may be made.This paper presents estimates of the equinox offset and equinox motion of the FK4 as determined by the ephemeris fitting process and compares them with corresponding determinations by Fricke. No significant differences are found. Further, it is indicated how one may also estimate a value for precession and the value of the obliquity from the ephemerides. These' values are also compared with the presently adopted ones.