Traces of cometary material in the area of the Tunguska impact (1908)

A short overview of the studies of the authors and their colleagues performed over many years, which resulted in the discovery of traces of cometary matter in the peat at the epicenter of the Tunguska catastrophe in 1908, is given here. In the epicenter of the Tunguska cosmic body (TCB) explosion, the shifts in the isotopic composition of hydrogen and carbon relative to their values for the upper and lower layers of the same column were found in the catastrophic layers of peat grown up in 1908. These shifts cannot be attributed to any known terrestrial processes: the conservation of mineral and organic dust in peat, peat humification, the emission of hydrocarbon gases from the Earth, climate changes, and other physical and chemical processes. In the catastrophic layers of the control peat columns, the isotopic shifts are absent. The isotopic data agree well with the increased concentration of iridium and other platinum-group elements in the same peat layers, which is a reliable indicator of the presence of cosmic material in terrestrial objects. The cosmogenic character of the isotopic effects is confirmed by the presence of “dead” carbon (not containing radioactive ¹⁴C) in the catastrophic layers. To provide the shifts observed in the isotopic composition of carbon, cosmic carbon preserved in peat should be isotopically superheavy—from +50‰ to +60‰ according to calculations. Such isotopically heavy carbon is absent both on the Earth and in ordinary meteorites. It occurs only in individual mineral phases of CI carbonaceous chondrites, close to cometary dust in chemical composition, ratios of the content of iridium and other platinoids and rear-earth elements also points to the cometary nature of the TCB. In the near-catastrophic peat layers, the anomalous increase of the concentration of many volatiles was detected, which also suggests that the TCB was a cometary core. The studies of the content and the isotopic composition of nitrogen in the peat revealed traces of heavy acid rains induced by the flyby and explosion of the TCB.