巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址空间分布规律及其成因

将地理信息系统空间分析方法引入巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址考古工作,通过点密度分析、空间距离分析、三维分析、缓冲区分析等方法研究遗址空间分布规律及其影响因素。研究表明自新石器至商周时期研究区内遗址时空分布呈现:随时间推移由湖岸边逐渐向西北部扩展,后迁移至南部,再均匀扩散的遗址迁移轨迹;先民多选择靠近水源、地势平坦、土壤肥沃的自然岗地、河谷阶地、山麓面居住,导致古遗址空间上大致呈线状、团聚状、分散状等分布特征,具有明显的河谷谷地指向性、阶地岗地指向性、土壤指向性等规律。提出遗址分布在早期可能主要受到气候水文、地貌、植被土壤等自然因素影响,后期生产力发展水平、经济生活方式等人文因素影响加重。本研究为GIS支持下区域考古研究提供了合适的研究实例,同时GIS方法得到一些推论假设仍需要田野考古调查与发掘等进一步佐证。

Spatial distribution features of archaeological sites (Neolithic Age to Shang & Zhou Dynasties) on the western shore of the Chaohu Lake, China

Archaeological sites are the relics of human activities, which belong to the concept of archaeology. The sites were the places where the ancient human lived, worked and took part in ather activities. As one of the five biggest freshwater lakes in China, the Chaohu Lake is important for local environment and society. There are about 19 Neolithic Age sites and 120 Shang-Zhou Dynasty sites on the western shore of the Chaohu Lake. Based on sites data, topographic data, drainage maps, administrative maps and ArcGIS9.0 Geographic Information System, this paper tries to introduce spatial analysis methods into archaeology of Chaohu Lake Catchment. The spatial analysis methods include: (1) Sites point density is studied by spatial analysis in ArcGIS9.0 and spatial distribution is estimated by spatial interpolation as IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted). (2) In order to access the relationship between sites, distance analysis is used to reveal organizational structure features. (3) 3D analysis was done by DEM and contours to reveal micro-geomorphologic features of sites. (4) The relationship between the sites and river drainage was discovered by buffer analysis. The paper analyzes the spatial distribution pattern and the impact factors of sites from Neolithic to Shang and Zhou dynasties on the western shore of the Chaohu Lake. The results indicate that archaeological sites spread from the west shore of the gradually to the northwest, later to the south, and then they symmetrically spread. Restricted by productive forces and other factors, the ancient people preferred to settle in those places near water, plain, and fertile land, which led to the sites scattered in the direction of line, aggregation and decentralization etc., and presented the disciplines such as river valley-direction, terrace-direction and soil-direction, etc. This paper indicates that the distribution of the sites was influenced earlier by natural elements such as climate, topography, and vegetation; and was more by human factors such as productive forces, economic activities later. Research of site distribution features in the study area is significant for the integration of GIS and archaeology. And the hypothesis from spatial analysis should be proved by field archaeology.