Distribution of glycerol ether lipids in halophilic,methanogenic and hyperthermophilic archaea |
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| Institution: | 1. Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Geosciences, Department of Organic Geochemistry, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany;2. Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of General Microbiology, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany;3. Curtin University, WA-OIGC, Department of Chemistry, GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth, Western Australia, Australia;1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7619, METIS, F-75005 Paris, France;2. CNRS, UMR 7619, METIS, F-75005 Paris, France;3. Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS, LGLTPE UMR 5276, Villeurbanne F-69622, France;4. PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech – CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France;1. Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;1. Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;2. Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;1. CNRS, UMR 7619, METIS, F-75005 Paris, France;2. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7619, METIS, F-75005 Paris, France;3. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 7159, LOCEAN, Centre IRD France Nord, F-93143 Bondy Cedex, France;4. CNRS-UPS UMR 8148, GEOPS, F-91405 Orsay, France;5. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35097, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;1. Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Dept. of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany;2. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA;3. Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;1. MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;2. Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;3. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Four representatives of methanogenic Euryarchaeota (Methanosarcina mazei strain Gö1, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosaeta thermophila), the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis and the halophilic euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii were studied for their glycerol ether lipid composition. The predominant core membrane lipid in all of them was archaeol, which was accompanied by variable quantities of sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol in the methanogens M. mazei (Methanosarcinales) and M. stadtmanae (Methanobacteriales). All methanogenic and hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota also contained comparatively high abundances of the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether without a cyclopentane moiety (GDGT-0). The methanoarchaeon M. stadtmanae, in addition to GDGT-0, contained GDGT core lipid structures with 1–4 cyclopentane moieties (GDGTs 1–4). We also found minor amounts of a glycerol trialkyl glycerol tetraether (GTGT) and a glycerol dialkanol diether (GDD), both of which did not contain cyclopentane moieties, as well as methylated and dimethylated GDGT-0 in all the archaea with the exception of H. volcanii. Like its GDGT distribution, M. stadtmanae showed an extended range of GDD structures with up to two cyclopentane ring systems. Our results thus indicate that both methanogenic and hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota may represent source organisms of GTGT-0, GDDs and methylated-GDGTs in natural environments. All the latter components have recently been reported to be ubiquitously distributed in marine sediments but their biological origin is largely unknown. Moreover, a suite of unsaturated GDGTs without a cyclopentane moiety and up to four double bonds in the hyperthermophile T. kodakarensis was tentatively assigned. |
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| Keywords: | Membrane lipids Archaeol GDGT GDD GTGT Halobacteriales Methanobacteriales Methanosarcinales Thermococcales |
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