雪卡毒素及其产毒底栖甲藻的研究现状与展望

雪卡毒素（Ciguatoxins，CTXs）是一种高度氧化的环状聚醚梯类毒素，主要由冈比亚藻（Gambierdiscus）和福氏藻（Fukuyoa）两个属的底栖甲藻的一些产毒种类的株系产生。毒素通过海洋食物链在珊瑚礁鱼类中进行生物转化和积累，可引起常见的非细菌性海产中毒——雪卡毒素中毒（Ciguatera Poisoning，CP），食用被CTXs污染的鱼类会引起消费者产生胃肠道、心血管、神经方面的症状甚至导致死亡，但目前雪卡毒素中毒在全球引发的关注度与重视度不足。然而受全球气候变化和人类活动的影响，底栖甲藻在全球扩张趋势明显，特别是在亚洲地区，雪卡毒素中毒事件频繁爆发，雪卡毒素中毒对人类健康和生态系统健康构成了重大威胁。本文重点综述了产雪卡毒素底栖甲藻的种类多样性、化学多样性、生理生态学研究、以及毒素的生物合成机制与生物转化和累积方面的研究，并探讨了亚洲地区作为雪卡毒素潜在的爆发地点未来值得研究的领域以更好地保障亚洲海域的生态安全及居民健康。

A Review on Multidisciplinary Research of Ciguatoxin and Toxin-Producing Benthic Dinoflagellates

Ciguatoxins (CTXs), a family of highly oxygenated transfused cyclic polyether ladder toxins, are produced by some toxigenic phenotypes of benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxins are biotransformed and accumulated in coral reef fishes via the marine food chain, resulting in the most frequent non-bacterial seafood poisoning syndrome-termed ciguatera poisoning. Consumption of fish contaminated by CTXs has caused gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological symptoms and occasionally death in human consumers. Ciguatera poisoning is currently considered a globally neglected disease. Affected by global climate change and human activities, the geographic expansion of benthic dinoflagellates is obvious, frequent ciguatera poisoning events especially in Asian regions, has posed a significant threat to human health and ecosystem health. This article reviews the research on key issues and scientific achievements on CTX-producing benthic microalgae, focusing on the species diversity, chemical diversity, physiological and ecological study of the ciguatera causative dinoflagellates and the mechanisms of biosynthesis, biotransformation and accumulation of CTXs. This review also highlights areas that deserve special research focus going forward in Asia regions which is the potential ciguatera outbreak areas to better protect the ecological safety and resident health.