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Vulnerability of farm water supply systems to volcanic ash fall
Authors:Thomas Wilson  Carol Stewart  Jim Cole  David Johnston  Shane Cronin
Institution:(1) Natural Hazards Research Centre, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8020, New Zealand;(2) 37 Harland Street, Brooklyn, Wellington, New Zealand;(3) Joint Centre for Disaster Research, GNS/Massey University, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand;(4) Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Abstract:Agriculture is critically dependent on continuity of water quality and quantity. It is well-established that even small quantities of volcanic ash can disrupt municipal water supplies, with known impacts to quality including: acidification, increases in turbidity and ionic concentrations. In addition, delivery systems may be blocked or damaged by hard and abrasive suspended ash and related ash-cleanup operations place extra stress on water reserves. The aim of this study was to characterise the key areas of vulnerability of farm water supplies to volcanic ashfall, and to identify management recommendations to reduce these. From literature review and case studies of farms impacted by the 1991 Pinatubo (Philippines) and 1991 Hudson (Chile) eruptions, key issues were: sedimentation of irrigation ditches and drinking water ponds, turbidity induced abrasion of sprinkler nozzles and water pumps, and damage to electric pumps (by ash on air-intakes). Building on this, we characterised the water-use regimes and water supply system vulnerability of eight case-study farms from across the North Island, New Zealand. From this, we propose an index system to evaluate the vulnerability of farm water supply systems. The key contributors to the vulnerability index include: water source, storage capacity, reliance on electricity, independence/interconnectedness of system elements, volume of water use and other load factors. These allow identification of key strategies for mitigating water supply vulnerability during prevention, preparation, response and recovery phases of a volcanic eruption.
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