Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in the face of external biophysical stressors |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;2. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) — West Africa Regional Office (WARO), 06 P.O. Box 9478, Ouagadougou 06 Burkina Faso;3. CIFOR, P.O. Box 0113 BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia;4. Helsinki University Centre for Environment, HENVI, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland |
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Abstract: | Economic instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are increasingly promoted to protect ecosystems (and their associated ecosystem services) that are threatened by processes of local and global change. Biophysical stressors external to a PES site, such as forest fires, pollution, sea level rise, and ocean acidification, may undermine ecosystem stability and sustained ecosystem service provision, yet their threats and impacts are difficult to account for within PES scheme design. We present a typology of external biophysical stressors, characterizing them in terms of stressor origin, spatial domain and temporal scale. We further analyse how external stressors can potentially impinge on key PES parameters, as they (1) threaten ecosystem service provision, additionality and permanence, (2) add challenges to the identification of PES providers and beneficiaries, and (3) add complexity and costs to PES mechanism design. Effective PES implementation under external stressors requires greater emphasis on the evaluation and mitigation of external stressors, and further instruments that can accommodate associated risks and uncertainties. A greater understanding of external stressors will increase our capacity to design multi-scale instruments to conserve important ecosystems in times of environmental change. |
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Keywords: | Blue carbon Ecosystem stability Permanence REDD+ Regime shift Transaction costs |
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