Social networks and transitions to co-management in Jamaican marine reserves and small-scale fisheries |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;2. Environmental Change and Governance Group, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;3. School of Business and School of the Environment, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada;1. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, B243-3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2;2. Dovetail Consulting, 2208 Cypress Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6J 3M5;3. Marine Policy Division, Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Directorate, Parks Canada Agency, 30 Victoria Street, Gatineau, QC, Canada J8X 0B3;1. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs and Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Box 355685, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;2. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Box 355685, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;3. Marc Hershman Marine Policy Fellow at the Makah Tribe, WA Sea Grant, 3716 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;4. Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Coastal Institute, 1 Greenhouse Road, Suite 205, Kingston, RI 02881-2020, USA;5. National Fisheries Conservation Center, PO Box 39615, Seattle, WA 98103, USA;6. Commissioner of Treaty Rights, Natural Resources Department, Tulalip Tribes, 6406 Marine Dr., Tulalip, WA 98271, USA;1. Graduate Institute of Management of Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;2. Department of Water Resources Engineering and Conservation, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;1. Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Local y Regional, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile;3. Departamento de Ecologia, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Centro de Conservacion Marina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;4. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye, BP 2241 Dakar, Senegal;2. FAO Independent Consultant, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy;3. CCLME Project, 41 Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP 3300 Dakar, Senegal;4. Fisheries Department, 6 Marina Parade, Banjul, Gambia;5. Direction des Aires Marines Communautaires Protégées, BP 4055 Dakar, Senegal |
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| Abstract: | How social networks support or constrain the transition to co-management of small-scale fisheries and marine reserves is poorly understood. In this paper, we undertake a comparative analysis of the social network structures associated with the transition to co-management in three Jamaican marine reserves. Data from quantitative social relational surveys (n = 380) are integrated with data from semi-structured interviews (n = 63) and focus groups (n = 10) to assess how patterns of relational ties and interactions between and among fishermen and other local level actors (e.g., managers, wardens, NGO staff) support and constrain the transition to co-management. Our research suggests that the transitions to co-management were supported by a combination of three network structure and relational attributes: (i) the presence and position of institutional entrepreneurs; (ii) a dense central core of network actors; and (iii) the prevalence of horizontal ties and vertical linkages held by the community-based organizations formally responsible for the management of the marine reserves. Our findings also show that overall low network cohesion in the three reserves and limited social influence among the wardens may be problematic for sustained collective action that extends beyond the core set of network actors. These findings suggest the importance of strategies to enhance collective action, specifically through attention to the attributes of the corresponding social networks, as a means to contribute to successful transitions to co-management of marine reserves and small-scale fisheries. Our results provide more precise guidance, through social network analysis, on where in the respective networks social capital and leadership may require support or enhancement, and thus on how to target interventions for greatest effect. |
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| Keywords: | Co-management Fisheries Governance Marine reserve Protected area Social network analysis |
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