农业开发对生态系统服务价值的影响——以三江平原浓江—别拉洪河中下游区域为例

利用2010年Landsat TM遥感影像以及1954年、1980年、1995年、2000年和2005年的土地利用数据,采用面向对象方法,对三江平原浓江—别拉洪河中下游区域土地覆被数据信息进行提取,分析了研究区沼泽地因农业开发而逐渐消失的过程。结果表明,1954～1980年期间,研究区沼泽地面积共减少69.66×104hm2,平均年损失率为2.44%;1980～2000年期间,沼泽地面积共减少5.66×104hm2,平均年损失率为0.75%;2000～2010年期间,沼泽地面积共减少15.67×104hm2,平均年损失率为4.67%。利用中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值当量,以及补充的水田生态系统服务价值,对研究区各时期生态服务价值量进行了评估,结果显示,在1954年,研究区生态系统服务总价值为950.84×108元/a,之后,由于沼泽地被大规模开垦为农田,造成研究区生态系统服务价值总量锐减,至1980年,研究区生态系统服务总价值减少为590.08×108元/a,损失了360.76×108元/a,减少幅度为37.9%。1980～2000年,研究区生态系统服务总价值变化相对较小,减少了13.84×108元/a。2000～2005年,研究区生态系统服务总值出现较快速的下降,减少了87.65×108元/a。2005～2010年期间,随着水田面积的增加、旱田面积的减少,研究区生态系统服务总价值呈上升趋势,与2005年相比,共增加了7.15×108元/a。从研究区生态系统服务类型上分析,1954～2010年间,生态系统调节服务价值损失量最大,为399.36×108元/a,其次为文化服务价值,损失量为46.24×108元/a,再次为支持服务价值,损失量为17.1×108元/a,而供给服务价值增加了7.59×108元/a,仅弥补了总损失量的1.67%。

Influence of Agricultural Exploitation on Ecosystem Services:A Case Study on Middle and Lower Reaches of Nongjiang River and Bielahong River in the Sanjiang Plain

In this paper,the object-oriented technique was applied into the land use and covers information extraction from Landsat TM images in 2010 in the middle and lower reaches of Nongjiang River and Bielahong River in the Sanjiang Plain.Combining with the historical land cover and use data in 1954,1980,1995,2000 and 2005,the landscape pattern structure of study area was analyzed.Results showed that from 1954 to 1980, the area of natural marshes in study area reduced 69.66×10 4 ha and the annual loss rate was 2.44%.From 1980 to 2000,the total loss of natural marshes was 5.66×10 4 ha and the annual loss rate was 0.75%.From 2000 to 2010,the total loss of natural marshes and the annual loss rate were 15.67×10 4 ha and 4.67%respectively. Based on the unit area value of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services,in which the value of paddy ecosystem services was added by the authors,the annual value of ecosystem services of the middle and lower reaches of Nongjiang River and Bielahong River was calculated during 6 periods.The results showed that large scale agricultural exploitation has caused degeneration of natural marshes in the study area.The loss of the value of ecosystem services from 1954 to 1980 was 37.9%,about 360.76×10 8 yuan/yr.From 1980 to 2000,the value of ecosystem services decreased relatively slowly,the loss was 13.84×10 8 yuan/yr.From 2000 to 2005,the loss was 87.65×10 8 yuan/yr.Due to a great amount of unirrigated farmlands has been turned into paddy fields since 1980;the value of ecosystem services increased.From 2005 to 2010,total value of ecosystem services increased by 7.15×10 8 yuan/yr.From 1954 to 2010,the values of regulating services,supporting services and cultural services decreased 399.36×10 8 yuan/yr,46.24×10 8 yuan/yr and 17.1×10 8 yuan/yr respectively.Only the value of provisioning services increased 7.59×10 8 yuan/yr.