相对弱势群体的城市包容性感知与影响因素分析

城市化过程中包容性价值观的缺失导致城市社会走向分化，高质量的城市化是要建设人人共享的包容城市。通过明确城市包容性感知内涵的7个维度及26个评价要素，使用2020年城市体检问卷调查数据，评价老年群体、低收入群体、低学历群体和外地人4类相对弱势群体的城市包容性感知，并检验个体属性、客观城市特征以及主观感知等因素对居民包容性感知的影响。结果发现：年龄、收入、户籍差别导致的居民包容性感知差距较大，不同学历群体的包容性感知差距较小。4类相对弱势群体的包容性感知在城市之间均存在明显差别。包容性感知因个体属性特征和城市客观特征而异，中小城市居民包容性感知显著更低，常住人口占比、住房可支付能力、人均住房面积、人口密度对于包容性感知有正向促进作用。多项要素的主观感知与包容性感知显著相关，社会治安、对弱势群体友好性、邻里关系以及综合医院的满意度是影响4类相对弱势群体包容性感知的共性因素。

Urban Inclusiveness Perception and Influencing Factors of Relatively Disadvantaged Groups

The high-quality development of China’s urbanization should be based on the sharing of beautiful city life by all residents. The research on the perception of urban inclusiveness by disadvantaged groups could provide a scientific basis for the construction of city for all. This paper attempted to evaluate urban inclusiveness from the perspective of relatively disadvantaged groups, and verify the influence of individual attribute characteristics, subjective perception variables, and objective urban characteristics on residents’ inclusiveness perception. Based on the connotation of urban inclusiveness, this paper defined the evaluation elements and influence factors of inclusiveness perception. Then using a questionnaire survey data of city health examination in 2020, this research evaluated the inclusiveness perception of four types of disadvantaged groups, here are the elderly, the low-income groups, the low-educated groups and the migrants without local Hukou. Then based on multilevel model method, this paper empirically examined the effect of the individual attributes, objective characteristics of cities and residents’ subjective perception on the inclusiveness perception. The results are: 1) Urban inclusiveness in this study is a comprehensive concept covering 26 elements of 7 dimensions, including equal housing, shared service facilities, equal travel conditions, adequate social insurance, equal safety, equal health and friendly atmosphere. 2) Compared with their referenced advantaged groups, the elderly, low-income groups and migrants are more dissatisfied with the inclusiveness factors, and these factors mainly reflect the unique needs of the relatively disadvantaged groups. On the other hand, there is little difference in the inclusiveness perception between the low-educated group and the high-educated group. 3) The inclusiveness perception of relatively disadvantaged groups differs significantly among cities. The satisfaction of elderly group is low in Taiyuan. The satisfaction of low education group is low in Changsha. The satisfaction of low-income group is low in Luoyang and Lanzhou. Migrants’ satisfaction is low in Suining. 4) The inclusiveness perception varies with individual attributes and urban objective characteristics. Residents’ inclusiveness perception in small and medium-sized cities is significantly lower. The proportion of permanent residents, housing affordability, per capita housing area and population density have positive effects on the inclusiveness perception. 5) Social security, friendliness to disadvantaged groups, neighborhood relationship and general hospital satisfaction are the common factors affecting the inclusiveness perception of the four relatively disadvantaged groups. The inclusion factors that relatively disadvantaged groups pay the most attention to reflect the attributes of this group. The conclusions include: Construction of inclusive city is a never-ending process. City health examination provides a powerful tool for urban governance and a way for extensive public participation. The implementation and in-depth application of city health examination work will guarantee strong support for the construction of inclusive city.