东北黑土区保护性耕作的发展现状与成效研究

东北黑土区承担着国家粮食安全“稳压器”的重要责任。然而，由于长期超负荷开发利用导致黑土日益退化，黑土资源的永续利用受到严重制约。理论与实践证明，保护性耕作是保护黑土地、推动黑土耕地质量和耕作效益绿色增长的发展模式。综述了保护性耕作的基本内涵及其在东北黑土区的发展现状与技术概况，从保护性耕作在土壤保持、保墒效益、结构改善、固碳培肥和土壤生物多样性增加、节本增效等方面系统评估了东北黑土区实施保护性耕作后的生态与经济效益，提出黑土区实施保护性耕作存在的问题与未来发展方向，以促进黑土地保护与利用协调发展、推动保护性耕作高质量跨越式发展。

Development and Effects of Conservation Tillage in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region in Northeast China bears the great responsibility of food security of the nation. However, long-term intensive utilization and lack of soil fertility maintenance and improvement measures in region resulted in severe soil degradation, which greatly constrained the sustainable utilization of black soil resources. Conservation tillage is defined as any form of tillage that minimizes soil disturbance and at least 30% of the soil surface covered with residues to reduce soil erosion. It can promote the soil health and green farming, and then to strengthen the base of sustainable agriculture in Black soil region, which has been proved by theory and practice. This article summarizes the connotation of conservation tillage technology, its development status and technical overview in the black soil region of Northeast China. Currently, there are three major types of conservation tillage including no-tillage with residue covered, no-tillage with residue covered and wide-narrow row spacing, strip-tillage with residue covered. The ecological and economic benefits of this region from the implementation of conservation tillage were systematically evaluated, which include soil and water conservation, soil structure and soil fertility improvement, carbon sequestration, soil biodiversity increase and cost saving. Conservation tillage has the potential to prevent soil loss from wind and water erosion, increase soil organic matter, sequester carbon and reduce soil CO₂ emission to mitigate the global warming; it also can improve soil structure, significantly increase soil biodiversity and functional redundancy. Conservation tillage has no significant impacts on crop yields, but under extreme weather events it has the ability to resist drought and flood for the stable or higher crop yield in Northeast China. The problems and future development directions regarding the implementation of conservation tillage in this region were discussed. It will be beneficial for black soil protection and utilization, and to promote high-quality and leap development of conservation tillage in Northeast China.